Enhancing Mechanical Properties: Exploring the Effect of Annealing Temperature on Wire Arc Additively Manufactured High-Strength Steel

Chen, Yi; Hao, Zhizhuang; Li, Yang; Liu, Chao; Liu, Yongkang; Luo, Zhen; Ao, Sansan

doi:10.3390/ma16216969

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Mechanical Properties: Exploring the Effect of Annealing Temperature on Wire Arc Additively Manufactured High-Strength Steel

by

Yi Chen

¹,

Zhizhuang Hao

¹,

Yang Li

^1,*,

Chao Liu

^2,*,

Yongkang Liu

³,

Zhen Luo

¹ and

Sansan Ao

^1,4

¹

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China

²

College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

³

Beijing Power Machinery Research Institute, Beijing 100074, China

⁴

China Engineering Construction Welding Association, Beijing 100082, China

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Materials 2023, 16(21), 6969; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16216969

Submission received: 25 September 2023 / Revised: 22 October 2023 / Accepted: 27 October 2023 / Published: 30 October 2023

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Materials Joining and Additive Manufacturing)

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Abstract

This study investigates the mechanical properties of exceptionally high-strength steel produced by wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), using the 304 stainless steel wire and the low carbon wire (LCS). The study found that annealing treatment can enhance the steel’s mechanical properties. The microstructure in the LCS layer changed from ferrite to bainite and then to a mixture of austenite, pearlite, and bainite with increasing annealing temperature. In contrast, the SS layer retained its martensitic structure, albeit with altered lath sizes. The annealing treatment also improved the orientation of the grains in the steel. The optimal annealing temperature observed for the steel was 900 ℃, which resulted in a maximum tensile strength of 1176 MPa along the Y direction and 1255 MPa along the Z direction. Despite the superior mechanical properties, the LCS layer still exhibited failure during tensile testing due to its lower hardness. The study suggests that annealing treatment can be a useful technique for enhancing the mechanical properties of high-strength steel in WAAM applications.

Keywords: wire and arc additive manufacturing; laminated high-strength steel; annealing; microstructure; mechanical properties

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chen, Y.; Hao, Z.; Li, Y.; Liu, C.; Liu, Y.; Luo, Z.; Ao, S. Enhancing Mechanical Properties: Exploring the Effect of Annealing Temperature on Wire Arc Additively Manufactured High-Strength Steel. Materials 2023, 16, 6969. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16216969

AMA Style

Chen Y, Hao Z, Li Y, Liu C, Liu Y, Luo Z, Ao S. Enhancing Mechanical Properties: Exploring the Effect of Annealing Temperature on Wire Arc Additively Manufactured High-Strength Steel. Materials. 2023; 16(21):6969. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16216969

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Yi, Zhizhuang Hao, Yang Li, Chao Liu, Yongkang Liu, Zhen Luo, and Sansan Ao. 2023. "Enhancing Mechanical Properties: Exploring the Effect of Annealing Temperature on Wire Arc Additively Manufactured High-Strength Steel" Materials 16, no. 21: 6969. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16216969

APA Style

Chen, Y., Hao, Z., Li, Y., Liu, C., Liu, Y., Luo, Z., & Ao, S. (2023). Enhancing Mechanical Properties: Exploring the Effect of Annealing Temperature on Wire Arc Additively Manufactured High-Strength Steel. Materials, 16(21), 6969. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16216969

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

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Enhancing Mechanical Properties: Exploring the Effect of Annealing Temperature on Wire Arc Additively Manufactured High-Strength Steel

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