Retarding Effect of Hemp Hurd Lixiviates on the Hydration of Hydraulic and CSA Cements
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Types of Hemp
2.1.2. Types of Cement
2.1.3. Sand
2.1.4. Water
2.2. Experimental Approaches
2.2.1. Lixiviate Processing
2.2.2. Preparation of Cement Mortars and Paste
2.2.3. Calorimetry Measurements
2.2.4. Compression Tests
2.2.5. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
2.2.6. X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD)
2.2.7. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Lixiviates on Hydration Kinetics of GU and CSA Cement Pastes
3.2. Effect of Lixiviates on Hydration Products of GU and CSA Cement Pastes
3.2.1. X-ray Diffraction Analyses
3.2.2. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG/DTG)
3.2.3. SEM Analysis
3.3. Effect of Lixiviates on Compression Strength of Cement Mortars Made with GU and CSA
4. Conclusions
- Due to incomplete hydration of the cement pastes, it was found in the experiment that the presence of the lixiviate obtained from hemp hurds slowed down the setting of the binders. At a high concentration of 5% lixiviate, it was observed that the setting of the GU paste was completely inhibited. Furthermore, an increase in the percentage of lixiviate from 0.5% to 5% in the GU cement paste resulted in a shift of the C3S hydration peak to later times. Specifically, when the GU mixture contained a concentration of 5% lixiviate, the peak of C3S hydration was observed after 4 days, and only the hydration of aluminates was evident. In the case of CSA cement, which primarily consists of ye’elimite, the addition of hemp hurds lixiviate resulted in a rapid hydration reaction, as indicated by calorimetry measurements. It was observed that hemp hurds lixiviate had a more significant impact on the hydration process of GU cement, while CSA cement was relatively less affected.
- XRD and DTG analyses were employed to assess the nature and quantity of hydrated products. The results of these tests revealed an inverse correlation between the presence of hemp hurds lixiviate and the formation of hydrated products. The absence of portlandite (CH) hydrate at 5% concentration after 7 days of hydration indicates that the hydration of C3S was inhibited, leading to poorer GU cement mechanical properties. Ettringite, on the other hand, was present early in the hydration process, revealing that hemp hurds lixiviate had a smaller impact on the hydration process of the aluminate phase, which includes C3A and C4AF.
- Finally, the effect of the extractives present in lixiviate on the mechanical properties of GU and CSA was studied by measuring the compression strength of cement mortars. The compression strength decreased as the extractable content in the solution increased. The extractives in lixiviate had a significant impact on the compression strength of GU cement. However, CSA cement developed better mechanical properties compared to GU cement up to the concentration of 2% lixiviate.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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Content (wt.%) | ||
---|---|---|
Mineral Composition | In GU | In CSA |
Tricalcium silicate (C3S) | 53.7 | - |
Dicalcium silicate (C2S) | 17 | 20.8 |
Ye’elimite (C4A3Š) | - | 54.3 |
Tricalcium aluminate (C3A) | 7.18 | - |
Tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF) | 7 | 9.3 |
Akermanite (C2MS2) | - | 4.5 |
Free lime | - | 0.6 |
C2Sα’ high | - | 8.3 |
Oxide de fer (Y-Fe2O3) | - | 1 |
Ferrite (C6AF2) | - | 1.2 |
Component | “Authors Analysis” % | Literature |
---|---|---|
Cellulose | 48.3 | (45.6–49.2) |
Hemicellulose | 28 | (17.8–21) |
Lignin | 18 | (4–17.2) |
Pectin | 0.7 | (0.4–19.04) |
Others | 5 | (1.9–3.1) |
Mixtures | Water Mass (g) | Extractable Compound (g) | Lixiviate Mass (g) | Lixiviate Concentration (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ref | 1.512 | - | - | - |
1.5 | 0.0075 | 1.5075 | 0.5 | |
1.5 | 0.0151 | 1.5151 | 1 | |
1.5 | 0.0301 | 1.5301 | 2 | |
1.5 | 0.0781 | 1.5941 | 5 |
Mixtures | Water Mass (g) | Extractable Compound (g) | Lixiviate Mass (g) | Lixiviate Concentration (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ref | 359 | - | - | - |
359 | 1.8 | 360.80 | 0.5 | |
359 | 3.63 | 362.63 | 1 | |
359 | 7.33 | 366.33 | 2 | |
359 | 18.89 | 377.89 | 5 |
Type of Cement | Lixiviate Concentration (%) | Main Heat Flow Peak (mW/g) | Occurrence of Main Heat Flow Peak (h) | Cumulative Heat 7 Days (J/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
GU | DW (Ref) | 0.012 | 2 | 225 |
0.5 | 0.0115 | 3 | 225 | |
2 | 0.0045 | 67 | 162 | |
5 | 0.0035 | 91 | 158 | |
CSA | DW (Ref) | 0.275 | 0.08 | 150 |
0.5 | 0.18 | 1.5 | 152.5 | |
2 | 0.125 | 2.5 | 152.5 | |
5 | 0.12 | 3 | 150 |
Hydrated Product | GU (12 h) | CSA (12 h) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DW | 0.5% | 2% | 5% | DW | 0.5% | 2% | 5% | |
CH (g) | 1.18 | 0.71 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | - |
CaCO3 (g) | 1.36 | 1.51 | 1.93 | 4.33 | - | - | - | - |
AFm (g) | 0 | 0 | 0.15 | 0.24 | 0 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.22 |
AFt (g) | - | - | - | - | 11.78 | 12.48 | 12.06 | 8.98 |
AH3 (g) | - | 0.28 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.06 | |||
Calcite (g) | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.26 |
GU (7 days) | CSA (7 days) | |||||||
CH (g) | 1.41 | 2.22 | 1.76 | 0 | - | - | - | - |
CaCO3 (g) | 2.89 | 2.31 | 3.36 | 3.29 | - | - | - | - |
AFm (g) | 0 | 0 | 0.14 | 0.22 | 0.269 | 0.266 | 0.13 | 0.05 |
AFt (g) | - | - | - | - | 11 | 10.1 | 8.21 | 11.11 |
AH3 (g) | - | - | - | - | 0.52 | 0.28 | 0.023 | 0.03 |
Calcite (g) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.65 |
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Tale Ponga, D.; Sabziparvar, A.; Cousin, P.; Boulos, L.; Robert, M.; Foruzanmehr, M.R. Retarding Effect of Hemp Hurd Lixiviates on the Hydration of Hydraulic and CSA Cements. Materials 2023, 16, 5561. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16165561
Tale Ponga D, Sabziparvar A, Cousin P, Boulos L, Robert M, Foruzanmehr MR. Retarding Effect of Hemp Hurd Lixiviates on the Hydration of Hydraulic and CSA Cements. Materials. 2023; 16(16):5561. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16165561
Chicago/Turabian StyleTale Ponga, Donato, Amirmohammad Sabziparvar, Patrice Cousin, Lina Boulos, Mathieu Robert, and M. Reza Foruzanmehr. 2023. "Retarding Effect of Hemp Hurd Lixiviates on the Hydration of Hydraulic and CSA Cements" Materials 16, no. 16: 5561. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16165561