Numerical and Experimental Study on Carbon Segregation in Square Billet Continuous Casting with M-EMS
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Model Description
2.1. Assumptions
- The steel in the calculation domain is considered as incompressible Newtonian viscous fluid;
- The computing domain is considered vertical and the influence of mold oscillation and taper is ignored;
- The electromagnetic field in the effective zone of M-EMS does not affect the molten steel flow;
- While solving the solute diffusion, the interaction of solute elements can be ignored;
- The heat transfer phenomenon between the molten steel and the top slag of the meniscus is ignored.
2.2. Governing Equations
- (1)
- Fluid Flow Model
- (2)
- Heat Transfer Model
- (3)
- Solute Transport Model
- (4)
- Electromagnetic Field Model
2.3. Model Parameters and Boundary Conditions
3. Experimental Implementation
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Model Validation
4.2. Melt Heat Transfer
4.3. Melt Flow Field
4.4. Distribution of Solute Carbon
4.5. Results for Solute Carbon inside Billet
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- With the increase in M−EMS frequency from 3 Hz to 5 Hz, the high−temperature zone is shifted upward, which is conducive to the rapid solidification of the cast billet. At the same time, as the M−EMS current increases from 100 A to 500 A, the maximum horizontal tangential velocity of the molten steel increases from 0.19 m/s to 0.38 m/s, which promotes the rotational flow of the steel in the horizontal plane.
- (2)
- When M−EMS is applied, the temperature of the molten steel near the mold walls decreases and the flow velocity near the mold walls increases. Hence, the wash−out effect on the initial solid created by the fluid flow and the variation of the solute transport rate produces a trend in the concentration of solute carbon first of a significant decrease and then of a rapid increase, with decreases in distance from the billet center.
- (3)
- When the M−EMS current is 300 A at a frequency of 3 Hz, producing a suitable mixing intensity and suitable current penetration depth effect, the negative segregation control of the carbon solute is controlled optimally. The carbon segregation index of the billet section is controlled at 0.92~1.1.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Value | Parameter | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Nozzle inner diameter/mm | 40 | Equilibrium partition coefficient | 0.34 |
Nozzle outer diameter/mm | 60 | Magnetic permeability/H·s−1 | 1.257 × 10−6 |
Depth/mm | 120 | Electric conductivity/S·m−1 | 7.14 × 105 |
Length of mold/mm | 900 | Latent heat of fusion/J·kg−1 | 271,000 |
Casting speed/m·min−1 | 1.3 | Solidus temperature/K | 1762 |
Frequency/Hz | 3, 4, 5 | Liquidus temperature/K | 1783 |
Current/A | 100, 300, 500 | Diffusion coefficient of carbon in liquid phase/cm2·s−1 | 0.0052exp() |
Inlet temperature/K | 1858 | Surface emissivity | 0.8 |
Density of molten steel/kg/m3 | −0.823 × T + 7100 | Constant pressure heat capacity of molten steel/J·(kg·K)−1 | 0.0071 × T2 − 15.255 × T + 8959 |
Dynamic viscosity of molten steel/Pa·s | 0.0065 | Thermal conductivity of molten steel/W·(m·K)−1 | 10−5 × T2 − 0.033 × T + 50.265 |
C | Mn | P | S | Si | Cr | Ni |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.725 | 0.3~0.5 | ≤0.035 | ≤0.008 | 0.25–0.50 | 12.10–12.60 | ≤0.3 |
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Li, P.; Zhang, G.; Yan, P.; Zhang, P.; Tian, N.; Feng, Z. Numerical and Experimental Study on Carbon Segregation in Square Billet Continuous Casting with M-EMS. Materials 2023, 16, 5531. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16165531
Li P, Zhang G, Yan P, Zhang P, Tian N, Feng Z. Numerical and Experimental Study on Carbon Segregation in Square Billet Continuous Casting with M-EMS. Materials. 2023; 16(16):5531. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16165531
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Pengchao, Guifang Zhang, Peng Yan, Peipei Zhang, Nan Tian, and Zhenhua Feng. 2023. "Numerical and Experimental Study on Carbon Segregation in Square Billet Continuous Casting with M-EMS" Materials 16, no. 16: 5531. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16165531