Next Article in Journal
Time-Lapse Observation of Crevice Corrosion in Grade 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel
Next Article in Special Issue
Experimental Investigation of Phase Equilibria of the Ho-Ir-O Ternary System at 1073 K
Previous Article in Journal
Catalysis of a Diels–Alder Reaction between Azachalcones and Cyclopentadiene by a Recyclable Copper(II)-PEIP Metal-Organic Framework
Previous Article in Special Issue
Solidification Behavior of Dy-Tb-Fe Alloys through Experimental Study and Thermodynamic Calculation
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Materials
Volume 16
Issue 15
10.3390/ma16155299
materials-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Experimental Investigations of Ni–Ti–Ru System: Liquidus Surface Projection and 1150 °C Isothermal Section

by
Dupei Ma
1,2,
Zhi Li
1,2,*,
Yan Liu
1,
Manxiu Zhao
1,2 and
Jingxian Hu
1,2,*
1
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
2
Key Laboratory of Materials Design and Preparation Technology of Hunan Province, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2023, 16(15), 5299; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16155299
Submission received: 24 April 2023 / Revised: 30 June 2023 / Accepted: 25 July 2023 / Published: 27 July 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metallic Materials: Microstructure, Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamics)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Ruthenium addition inhibits the formation of the topologically close-packed phases in Ni-based superalloys and improves the solid solution strength of Ni–Ti shape memory alloys. Therefore, the Ni–Ti–Ru phase stability is a very valuable indicator of the effects of Ru in Ni-based superalloys and Ni–Ti shape memory alloys. In this study, the isothermal section at 1150 °C and liquidus surface projection of the Ni–Ti–Ru ternary system were determined experimentally using the equilibrated alloy method and diffusion couple method, respectively. Alloys were prepared through the arc-melting of Ni, Ti, and Ru (all 99.99% purity), and then vacuum encapsulation in quartz tubes, followed by annealing at 1150 °C for 36 to 1080 h depending on the alloy composition. Diffusion couples were fabricated by joining one single-phase block (τ1) with one two-phase block (Ni3Ti + γ(Ni)), and the couples were annealed under vacuum at 1150 °C for 168 h. Reaction temperatures of as-cast alloys were determined by differential scanning calorimetry performed with heating and cooling rates of 10 °C/min. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the microstructure. Seven three-phase regions were found at the 1150 °C isothermal section. Seven primary solidification regions and five ternary invariant reactions were deduced in the liquidus surface projection. A new ternary compound τ1 was discovered in both the isothermal section at 1150 °C and liquidus surface projection. The results aid in thermodynamic modeling of the system and provide guidance for designing Ni-based superalloys and Ni–Ti shape memory alloys.

1. Introduction

Ni-based superalloys have been widely used as important components in aerospace engines and various gas turbines because of their good oxidation resistance and excellent mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. The exceptional high-temperature properties of Ni-based superalloys can be attributed to microstructural strengthening. The addition of Ti at low alloying concentrations will cause it to preferentially partition to the γ′ phase and serve to increase the antiphase boundary energy and strengthen the precipitate’s resistance to deformation [1,2,3]. A systematic investigation was carried out by Mishima et al. [4,5] on the temperature dependence of strength in the Ni3Al phase with the addition of Ti. The results indicated that as the concentration of Ti increased, residual levels of γ′ forming solutes may remain within the γ phase and subsequently serve as potent solid solution strengtheners. Then, Christofidou et al. [6] studied the microstructures and mechanical properties of multi-component Ni-based alloys and found that the addition of Ti can promote the formation of the γ and γ′ phases in Ni-based alloys. Further, the effect of the Ru addition on the microstructures and various mechanical properties of Ni-based alloys has been studied by many researchers [7,8,9,10]. Song et al. [7] found that a small amount of Ru is beneficial in impeding the formation of the topologically close-packed (TCP) phases and improving the creep resistance at high temperatures. However, Chen et al. [8,9] found that an excessive amount of Ru increased the degree of Re and Cr supersaturation in the γ phase and resulted in the TCP phase formation at high temperatures. More recently, Wang et al. [10] indicated that the variation of the Ru local atomic structure can greatly influence the microstructural evaluation and deformation mechanism by changing the lattice misfit and the vacancy formation energy, thus affecting the creep properties of Ni-based alloys.
Ni–Ti shape memory alloys (SMAs) are practically important functional materials because of their excellent shape memory effect, pseudo elasticity, and corrosion resistance [11,12]. The effects of Ru substitution on constituent phases, phase transformation temperatures, and mechanical properties were investigated for Ni–Ti SMAs by Tsuji et al. [13]. The results indicate that the addition of Ru results in solid solution strengthening by Ru substitution for the Ni sites in NiTi. With increasing Ru content, the lattice parameter of the B2 phase increases, the martensitic transformation temperature slightly decreases, and the melting temperature increases continuously. In addition, the Vickers hardness was maximum at an intermediate composition (HV1030 at 30 mol% Ru); this suggests that substantial solid solution hardening is caused by Ru substitution for the Ni sites in NiTi. Therefore, a change in the alloy composition affects the microstructure and phase equilibrium, which in turn affects the various mechanical properties of the alloy [14].
The phase diagram is like a map that provides a general guideline for designing the alloy compositions and the route of heat treatment. Therefore, the investigation of the phase diagram for the Ni–Ti–Ru ternary system is necessary for Ni-based superalloys and Ni–Ti SMAs.
In the present work, the diffusion couples, 15 annealed alloys, and 31 as-cast alloys were prepared to investigate the isothermal section at 1150 °C and liquidus surface projection. The chemical compositions of 15 annealed alloys and 31 as-cast alloys are listed in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively. The phases of the alloys were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the composition of each phase in the alloys was measured by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The reaction temperatures were determined using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The experimental data obtained from the above three techniques were analyzed and are shown in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3, respectively.

2. Literature Review

2.1. Binary Systems

The phase relationship of the Ni–Ti binary system has been studied systematically [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23]. This system was assessed by several researchers on the basis of experimental data [24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31]. In recent times, the thermodynamic database of the Ni–Ti binary system built by Keyzer et al. [29] has been accepted, and the calculated phase diagram of the Ni–Ti binary system is shown in Figure 1a.
The Ni–Ru binary system is quite simple: Hallström [32] used the sub-regular solution model to re-evaluate this system, and the calculation result is shown in Figure 1b.
The Ru–Ti binary system was determined by Raub and Roeschel [33], Eremenko et al. [34], and Boriskina and Kornilov [35]. By using the experimental data presented by Eremenko et al. [24], Kaufman and Bernstein [36] and Mazhuga et al. [37] assessed this system in which the RuTi phase was treated as a kind of stoichiometric compound. Then, the Ru–Ti binary system was re-assessed by Gao et al. [38] based on the experimental data [33,34,35]. The solution phases were modeled with the Redlich–Kister equation and Kaptay equation. Then, the compound RuTi was described by a two-sublattice model (Ru,Ti)0.5(Ru,Ti)0.5. Figure 1c shows the evaluated Ru–Ti phase diagram.
Materials 16 05299 g001 550
Figure 1. Calculated binary phase diagrams. (a) Ni–Ti system presented by Keyzer et al. [29]; (b) Ni–Ru system presented by Hallström [32]; (c) Ru–Ti system presented by Gao et al. [38].
Figure 1. Calculated binary phase diagrams. (a) Ni–Ti system presented by Keyzer et al. [29]; (b) Ni–Ru system presented by Hallström [32]; (c) Ru–Ti system presented by Gao et al. [38].
Materials 16 05299 g001

2.2. Ni–Ti–Ru Ternary System

The Ni–Ti–Ru ternary system has been investigated in a few studies [15,39,40,41]. NiTi and RuTi with a CsCl-type structure are both isostructural phases, and their lattice parameters are also very similar. However, Boriskina [39] found a two-phase region between NiTi and RuTi, and they determined that the following peritectic reaction occurred at 1570 °C: Liq. (liquid phase) + RuTi ↔ NiTi. Eremenko et al. [40] doubted these results because the alloys were annealed at 1200 °C for only 25 h, making it difficult for the alloys to reach phase equilibrium; the authors suggested that there was an isomorphous-type pseudo binary system with a possible phase separation at lower temperatures. To verify the hypothesis, Semenova et al. [41] re-studied the NiTi–RuTi system by using the equilibrium alloy method [41] and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The results indicated that the NiTi–RuTi system was a simple isomorphous system, and a reasonably wide gap existed between the liquidus and solidus lines. In this case, the alloys had dendritic structures easily produced during solidification after smelting, and because the removal of this dendritic structure is difficult within only 25 h of annealing, the alloys in the earlier study [39] possibly appeared to have a two-phase equilibrium. Since the investigation of Semenova et al. [41] was not carried out below 1200 °C, it is not yet certain whether phase separation will occur in the NiTi–RuTi system at low temperatures.
On the basis of the results of the abovementioned studies, Velikanova et al. [15] reported a solidus surface projection and a part of a liquidus surface projection of the Ni–Ti–Ru ternary system. The research results showed that there were two perieutectic reaction points, U1 and U2, with the following perieutectic reactions: Liq. + γ(Ni) ↔ (Ni,Ru)Ti + Ni3Ti and Liq. + (Ni,Ru)Ti ↔ NiTi2 + β(Ti). However, the reaction types among Liq., (Ni,Ru)Ti, γ(Ni), and δ(Ru) were not determined. The crystallographic data for all phases related to the Ni–Ti–Ru system are listed in Table 4 [42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49].
Table
Table 4. Crystallographic data of all phases related to Ni–Ti–Ru ternary system.
Table 4. Crystallographic data of all phases related to Ni–Ti–Ru ternary system.
PhaseStrukturbericht DesignationPearson SymbolSpace GroupPrototypeReference
Liquid/////
γ(Ni)A1cF4 F m 3 ¯ m Cu[42]
β(Ti)A2cI2 I m 3 ¯ m W[43]
α(Ti) A3hP2 P 6 3 m m c Mg[44]
δ(Ru)A3hP2 P 6 3 m m c Mg[45]
Ni3TiD024hP16 P 6 3 m m c Ni3Ti[46]
NiTiB2cP2 P m 3 ¯ m CsCl[47]
NiTi2E93cF96 F d 3 ¯ m NiTi2[48]
RuTiB2cP2 P m 3 ¯ m CsCl[49]

3. Experimental Methods

The phase relationships in the Ni–Ti–Ru ternary system at 1150 °C were experimentally determined by using the equilibrated alloy method [41] and diffusion couples method [50]. Samples were prepared from 0.5 g each of 99.99% pure Ni particles, Ti particles, and Ru blocks. Each sample was accurately weighed with an electronic balance and determined to be 0.5 g in total. The alloys were prepared by arc melting with flowing argon on a water-cooled copper crucible and remelted at least three times to promote homogeneity. As Ti in the alloy is prone to oxidation which results in alloy composition deviation, pure Ti was smelted once before smelting the alloy to eliminate the possible residual oxygen in the melting furnace.
As-cast alloys were prepared to study the liquidus surface projection. The reaction temperatures of the as-cast alloys were determined by 404F3 DSC with Al2O3 crucibles and with heating and cooling rates of 10 °C/min.
The alloy specimens for the isothermal section were vacuum encapsulated in quartz tubes. The B1 and B2 alloys containing the liquid phase were annealed at 1150 °C for 36 h, while the other alloys were annealed for 1080 h. Finally, the sample capsules were quenched in water at 0 °C to retain the equilibria microstructures at 1150 °C.
The diffusion couples were fabricated across the Ni–Ti–Ru ternary system at 1150 °C. The single-phase alloy (τ1) and two-phase alloy (Ni3Ti + γ(Ni)) were sectioned into blocks to fabricate the diffusion couples. Each block was approximately 4 mm, 4 mm, and 3 mm in length, width, and thickness, respectively. The diffusion couples were vacuum encapsulated in quartz tubes and annealed at 1150 °C for 168 h.
All the samples were carefully ground and polished using standard metallographic preparation methods, and the 0.25 mm Al2O3 paste was used in the final polishing step. A chemical etching solution (10% HF + 20% HNO3 + 70% H2O) was used to reveal the microstructure of samples with no obvious atomic number contrast. The microstructure of each sample was examined by SEM (EVO MA10) with EDS to study the morphology and chemical composition of various phases in the samples. The acceleration voltage of 20 kV was applied. The chemical composition of each phase was measured at least thrice. After evaluation and the removal of unreliable data, the average values of the remaining reliable data were accepted and used for further analysis. To further confirm the phases of the samples, XRD analysis was performed using a Rigaku Ultimate IV operating at 100 mA and 40 kV with Cu Kα radiation. The diffraction spectra were collected from 20° to 100° with a scan step of 0.02°.

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Isothermal Section at 1150 °C

The constituent phases and compositions of annealing samples are listed in Table 1, and some typical SEM micrographs and XRD patterns are shown in Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7.
As shown in the SEM micrographs of the alloys B1 and B2 (Figure 2a,c), the same typical perieutectic or peritectic microstructures are observed in the alloys, and the formation of these microstructures is due to the phase transformation of the liquid phase during the quenching process. The liquid phase in the alloy B1 is transformed into the NiTi2 phase that exists at low temperatures. Further, in agreement with the XRD patterns in Figure 2b, the three-phase equilibrium of Liq.1 + β(Ti) + (Ni,Ru)Ti can be identified, and the maximum Ru solubility of Liq.1 is 1.85 at.%. In the case of B2, a small amount of dark gray NiTi2 is also precipitated in the final stage of solidification. The two-phase region of Liq.1 + (Ni,Ru)Ti is determined with the SEM micrographs and XRD patterns in Figure 2c and Figure 2d, respectively.
In Figure 3, the SEM micrographs and XRD patterns of alloys B3, B4, and B5 confirm the presence of the two-phase region of (Ni,Ru)Ti + Ni3Ti. The two-phase regions of Liq.2 + NiTi and Liq.2 + Ni3Ti exist at 1150 °C according to the Ni–Ti binary system presented by Keyzer et al. [29]. Therefore, a narrow three-phase equilibrium region of (Ni,Ru)Ti + Ni3Ti + Liq.2 must be present in the Ni–Ti–Ru ternary system.
The SEM micrograph of the alloy B6 in Figure 4a shows a small δ(Ru) miscibility gap (marked as δ(Ru) and δ(Ni,Ru) in this isothermal section). Raub and Menzel [51] studied the Ni solubility of δ(Ru) in the Ni–Ru binary system at different temperatures corresponding to the crystal structure parameters of δ(Nix,Ru1−x). The results [51] showed that with the increase in the temperature, the Ni solubility of δ(Ru) gradually increased and the lattice parameter “a” decreased from 2.691 to 2.612. Thus, the change in the lattice parameter will lead to a certain shift of X-ray characteristic peaks, which cannot be ignored in this study. The XRD patterns of the alloy B6 are shown in Figure 4b: the characteristic peaks of δ(Ni,Ru) are similar to those of δ(Ru) owing to the same HCP-A3 crystal structure, but the deviation is significant. In this study, the δ(Ru) phase is inferred to have undergone spinodal decomposition; in other words, δ(Ru) decomposed into two phases with the same crystal structure but different components. However, this hypothesis needs to be verified by performing more in-depth research. Due to the low content of the δ(Ru) phase in B6, the XRD patterns do not show the peaks of the δ(Ru) phase. In addition, it is uncertain whether the miscibility gap between δ(Ru) and δ(Ni,Ru) exists in the area with a higher Ti content.
There are two typical three-phase regions of (Ni,Ru)Ti + τ1 + δ(Ru) and γ(Ni) + τ1 + δ(Ni,Ru) observed in the alloys B7 and B8 (Figure 5a,c), which are in good agreement with XRD patterns (Figure 5b and Figure 5d, respectively). According to the SEM micrograph and XRD patterns shown in Figure 6a and Figure 6b, respectively, the Ni3Ti, (Ni,Ru)Ti and τ1 phases can be identified clearly in B9. The homogeneity ranges of the τ1 phase are determined to be from 11.06 to 28.19 at.% Ru and 19.69 to 25.14 at.% Ti.
The SEM micrograph and composition profiles of the τ1 and Ni3Ti + γ(Ni) diffusion couples are given in Figure 7. The total range of the interdiffusion zone is approximately 40–50 μm, and the Ni3Ti + γ (Ni) two-phase region gradually transforms into a thick layer Ni3Ti-(Ru-poor). Further, a continuous layer of Ni3Ti-(Ru-rich) of approximately 15–25 μm is formed between the Ni3Ti-(Ru-poor) and τ1. This shows that the flux of Ni atoms causes diffusion into the τ1 phase, which results in the formation of Ni3Ti-(Ru-poor) and Ni3Ti-(Ru-rich).
In Figure 7a, the grain boundary between Ni3Ti-(Ru-rich) and τ1 is not perfectly planar. Some Kirkendall voids appear at the boundary between Ni3Ti-(Ru-rich) and Ni3Ti-(Ru-poor) due to interdiffusion. Thus, the diffusion path between τ1 and Ni3Ti + γ(Ni) at 1150 °C is as follows: τ1 single-phase region, Ni3Ti single-phase region, and then the Ni3Ti + γ(Ni) two-phase region. From this result and the two-phase regions τ1 + γ(Ni) and Ni3Ti + γ(Ni) found in B14 and B15 alloys, respectively, a three-phase region τ1 + Ni3Ti + γ(Ni) can be inferred.
In addition, the B10 and B13 alloys support the two-phase regions of (Ni,Ru)Ti + τ1 and δ(Ni,Ru) + τ1, respectively. The B11 and B12 alloys are all located in the two-phase region of δ(Ni,Ru) + γ(Ni).

4.2. Liquidus Surface Projection

In this work, 31 as-cast alloys were prepared to determine the liquidus surface projection of the Ni–Ti–Ru ternary system, and the alloy compositions and primary solidification phases are listed in Table 2.
The alloys C3 and C4 are located in the primary solidification region δ(Ru) (Figure 8a,b). Notably, the δ(Ru) phase shows a miscibility gap due to the spinodal decomposition that is discussed in Section 4.1. According to the SEM micrograph and XRD patterns of the alloy C3, the gray phase surrounding δ(Ru) is identified as the τ1 phase that is generated by the peritectic reaction: liq. + δ(Ru) ↔ τ1. As shown in Figure 8c, in the case of C4, in addition to the phases of C3, a grayish-white phase exists, and it was determined to be the (Ni,Ru)Ti phase on the basis of the XRD patterns (Figure 8d).
The alloy C6 is located in the primary solidification region δ(Ru) (Figure 9a,b), and this alloy does not undergo the expected perieutectic reaction: liq. + δ(Ru) ↔ τ1 + γ(Ni); instead, the remaining liquid phase solidifies into γ(Ni) in the peritectic reaction: liq. + δ(Ru) ↔ γ(Ni). According to the SEM micrograph and XRD patterns of the alloy C15 (Figure 9c,d), a large amount of the dendritic primary (Ni,Ru)Ti phase can be observed. The typical eutectic microstructure of this alloy is γ(Ni) + τ1, with the (Ni,Ru)Ti phase enclosed by τ1, which is formed by the peritectic reaction. In addition, some amount of lathy sub-primary solidification phase τ1 also exists.
Among the series of alloys with the primary solidification phase τ1, the alloy C14 (Figure 10a,b) was considered for the subsequent analyses. Its SEM microstructure is similar to that of the alloy C15, except that the (Ni,Ru)Ti phase is missing. Therefore, the solidification path of the alloy C14 is simple: liq. ↔ τ1, liq. ↔ γ(Ni) + τ1. In addition, Figure 10c shows the primary phase γ(Ni) of the alloy C26 during solidification.
Based on the XRD patterns and SEM micrograph of the alloy C10 (Figure 11), a few primary solidification phases of (Ni,Ru)Ti and eutectic microstructure Ni3Ti + (Ni,Ru)Ti are identified. In the final stage of solidification, some amount of eutectic microstructure Ni3Ti + NiTi formed at the grain boundary, due to the binary eutectic reaction: liq. ↔ Ni3Ti + NiTi. The alloy C30 is located in the Ni3Ti primary solidification region, while the alloy C31 is located in the τ1 region. From the SEM micrograph and XRD patterns of alloy C30 shown in Figure 12a and Figure 12b, respectively, the light gray phase is determined to be the primary solidification phase Ni3Ti. The solidification path of alloy C30 is inferred to be as follows: liq. ↔ Ni3Ti, liq. ↔ Ni3Ti + γ(Ni). The SEM micrograph and XRD patterns of alloy C31 (Figure 12c and Figure 12d, respectively) confirm the existence of the τ1, (Ni,Ru)Ti, and Ni3Ti phases, and the solidification path of the alloy C31 is inferred to be as follows: liq. ↔ τ1, liq. + τ1 ↔ (Ni,Ru)Ti + Ni3Ti. A comparison of the difference in the paths between alloys C30 and C31 indicate that Ni3Ti and τ1 phases can be clearly distinguished and that the existence of a maximum point emax on the univariate line (liq. ↔ Ni3Ti + τ1) can be inferred.
The SEM micrograph and XRD patterns of the alloy C12 are shown in Figure 13a and Figure 13b, respectively. The primary solidification phase of (Ni,Ru)Ti is observed in C12. Obviously, dendritic (Ni,Ru)Ti first precipitates from the liquid phase, and then the peritectic reaction liq. + (Ni,Ru)Ti ↔ β(Ti) occurs. Finally, the remaining liquid phase undergoes binary eutectic reaction liq. ↔ β(Ti) + NiTi2. The SEM micrograph and XRD patterns of the alloy C13 (Figure 13c and Figure 13d, respectively) show that its primary solidification phase is β(Ti). The eutectic microstructure of the alloy C13 is β(Ti) + NiTi2, which is formed by the same eutectic reaction liq. ↔ β(Ti) + NiTi2 (like alloy C12).
According to the SEM micrograph and XRD patterns of the alloy C11, shown in Figure 14a and Figure 14b, respectively, there is a typical eutectic microstructure β(Ti) + NiTi2. The SEM micrograph and XRD patterns of the alloy C23 are shown in Figure 14c and Figure 14d, respectively: a perieutectic reaction liq. + (Ni,Ru)Ti ↔ β(Ti) + NiTi2 and eutectic reaction liq. ↔ β(Ti) + NiTi2 occur in the alloy.
According to the above experimental results of the primary phases and solidification structures of the as-cast alloys, the solidification paths of the as-cast alloys not presented in the discussion so far are as follows:
Alloy C3: liq. ↔ δ(Ru), liq. + δ(Ru) ↔ τ1, liq. + δ(Ru) ↔ τ1 + γ(Ni), liq. ↔ τ1 + γ(Ni);
Alloy C4: liq. ↔ δ(Ru), liq. ↔ δ(Ru) + (Ni,Ru)Ti, liq. + (Ni,Ru)Ti + δ(Ru) ↔ τ1, liq. + δ(Ru) ↔ τ1, liq. + δ(Ru) ↔ τ1 + γ(Ni), liq. ↔ τ1 + γ(Ni);
Alloy C15: liq. ↔ (Ni,Ru)Ti, liq. + (Ni,Ru)Ti ↔ τ1, liq. ↔ τ1, liq. ↔ γ(Ni) + τ1;
Alloy C31: liq. ↔ τ1, liq. + τ1 ↔ (Ni,Ru)Ti + Ni3Ti;
Alloy C12: liq. ↔ (Ni,Ru)Ti, liq. + (Ni,Ru)Ti ↔ β(Ti), liq. ↔ β(Ti) + NiTi2;
Alloy C13: liq. ↔ β(Ti), liq. ↔ β(Ti) + NiTi2;
Alloy C23: liq. ↔ (Ni,Ru)Ti, liq. + (Ni,Ru)Ti ↔ β(Ti) + NiTi2, liq. ↔ β(Ti) + NiTi2.
Alloys C4, C23, and C31 are selected to measure the temperatures of the invariant reaction by DSC, and the DSC curves of the alloys are shown in Figure 15. Two peaks starting at 1404 °C on heating and 1398 °C on cooling in Figure 15a correspond to the reaction U1 (liq. + δ(Ru) ↔ τ1 + γ(Ni)). Further, two peaks starting at 1339 °C on heating and 1336 °C on cooling correspond to the eutectic reaction (liq. ↔ τ1 + γ(Ni)). Figure 15b shows the peak starting at 984 °C on heating of the alloy C23 which corresponds to the reaction U4 (liq. + (Ni,Ru)Ti ↔ β(Ti) + NiTi2). In addition, due to the volatilization of Ni at high temperatures, the composition of the C23 alloy changes and the eutectic reaction (liq. ↔ β(Ti) + NiTi2) occurs in the remaining liquid phase, corresponding to the peak starting at 932 °C on cooling. The peaks starting at 1384 °C and 1314 °C on heating and at 1383 °C and 1304 °C on cooling of the alloy C31 (Figure 15c) correspond to the three-phase eutectic reactions (liq. ↔ Ni3Ti + τ1) and (liq. ↔ (Ni,Ru)Ti + Ni3Ti), respectively. Furthermore, the reaction temperature of P1 and emax are inferred as being about 1500 °C and 1390 °C, respectively. Notably, only the peak starting at 1337 °C on heating corresponding to the reaction U3 (liq. + τ1 ↔ (Ni,Ru)Ti + Ni3Ti) is found in the curves (Figure 15c). This may also be caused by the volatilization of the element. Further, it can be inferred that the reaction temperature of U2 should be about 1330 °C.
According to the above experimental results and discussion, the isothermal section of the Ni–Ti–Ru ternary system at 1150 °C is presented in Figure 16. The invariant reaction temperatures are shown in Table 3. The predicted liquidus surface projection and complete reaction scheme are shown in Figure 17 and Figure 18, respectively.

5. Conclusions

The isothermal section at 1150 °C and the liquidus surface projection of the Ni–Ti–Ru ternary system have been established by using SEM/EDS, XRD, and DSC analyses.
The isothermal section at 1150 °C has five determined three-phase regions, namely, Liq.1 + β(Ti) + (Ni,Ru)Ti, δ(Ru) + δ(Ni,Ru) + γ(Ni), (Ni,Ru)Ti + τ1 + δ(Ru), γ(Ni) + τ1 + δ(Ni,Ru), Ni3Ti + (Ni,Ru)Ti + τ1, and two speculated three-phase regions, namely, τ1 + Ni3Ti + γ(Ni) and (Ni,Ru)Ti + Ni3Ti + Liq.2.
The whole liquidus surface projection and related invariant reaction schemes are proposed, with seven primary solidification regions: β(Ti), NiTi2, (Ni,Ru)Ti, Ni3Ti, τ1, δ(Ru), and γ(Ni) and five invariant reactions: P1 (liq. + (Ni,Ru)Ti + δ(Ru) ↔ τ1), U1 (liq. + δ(Ru) ↔ τ1 + γ(Ni)), U2 (liq. + τ1 ↔ γ(Ni) + Ni3Ti), U3 (liq. + τ1 ↔ (Ni,Ru)Ti + Ni3Ti), and U4 (liq. + (Ni,Ru)Ti ↔ β(Ti) + NiTi2).
The addition of Ti seems to result in a small δ(Ru) miscibility gap due to spinodal decomposition. A new ternary compound τ1 is identified based on the present study on both the isothermal section and liquidus surface projection.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Z.L. and D.M.; methodology, Z.L. and D.M.; validation, Z.L. and M.Z.; formal analysis, D.M.; investigation, D.M. and Y.L.; resources, Y.L.; data curation, Z.L.; writing—original draft preparation, D.M.; writing—review and editing, Z.L., D.M. and J.H.; supervision, Z.L.; project administration, Z.L.; funding acquisition, Z.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number (51971189) and the Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project of Hunan Province, grant number (CX20220561).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available because it is a part of an ongoing study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Pollock, T.M.; Field, R.D. Dislocations and high-temperature plastic deformation of superalloy single crystals. Dislocat. Solids 2002, 11, 547–618. [Google Scholar]
  2. Kozar, R.W.; Suzuki, A.; Milligan, W.W.; Schirra, J.J.; Savage, M.F.; Pollock, T.M. Strengthening mechanisms in polycrystalline multimodal nickel-base superalloys. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 2009, 40, 1588–1603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Antonov, S.; Detrois, M.; Isheim, D.; Seidman, D.N.; Helmink, R.C.; Goetz, R.L.; Sun, E.; Tin, S. Comparison of thermodynamic database models and APT data for strength modeling in high Nb content γ–γ′ Ni-base superalloys. Mater. Des. 2015, 86, 649–655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  4. Mishima, Y.; Ochiai, S.; Hamao, N.; Yodogawa, M.; Suzuki, T. Mechanical properties of Ni3Al with ternary addition of transition metal elements. Trans. Jpn. Inst. Met. 1986, 27, 648–655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  5. Mishima, Y.; Ochiai, S.; Hamao, N.; Yodogawa, M.; Suzuki, T. Solid Solution Hardening of Ni3Al with ternary additions. Trans. Jpn. Inst. Met. 1986, 27, 41–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  6. Christofidou, K.A.; Jones, N.G.; Pickering, E.J.; Flacau, R.; Hardy, M.C.; Stone, H.J. The microstructure and hardness of Ni–Co–Al–Ti–Cr quinary alloys. J. Alloys Compd. 2016, 688, 542–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Song, W.; Wang, X.G.; Li, J.G.; Ye, L.H.; Hou, G.C.; Yang, Y.H.; Liu, J.L.; Liu, J.D.; Pei, W.L.; Zhou, Y.Z.; et al. Effect of ruthenium on microstructure and high-temperature creep properties of fourth generation Ni-based single-crystal superalloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2020, 772, 138646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Chen, J.Y.; Feng, Q.; Sun, Z.Q. Topologically close-packed phase promotion in a Ru-containing single crystal superalloy. Scripta Mater. 2010, 63, 795–798. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Chen, J.Y.; Feng, Q.; Cao, L.M.; Sun, Z.Q. Influence of Ru addition on microstructure and stress-rupture property of Ni-based single crystal superalloys. Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. 2010, 20, 61–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Wang, S.A.; Wang, L.; Meng, F.Q.; Yu, H.Y.; Sun, D.B. Quantitative study on Ru local atomic structure in Ni-Al-Ru ternary alloys. J. Alloys Compd. 2022, 909, 164766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Li, H.; Zheng, Y.; Pei, Y.; De Hosson, J.T.M. TiNi shape memory alloy coated with tungsten: A novel approach for biomedical applications. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2014, 25, 1249–1255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  12. Tang, G.; Ho, J.K.L.; Dong, G.; Hua, M. Fabrication self-recovery bulge textures on TiNi shape memory alloy and its tribological properties in lubricated sliding. Tribol. Int. 2016, 96, 11–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Tsuji, M.; Hosoda, H.; Wakashima, K.; Yamabe-Mitarai, Y. Phase Stability and Mechanical Properties of Ti(Ni,Ru) Alloys. MRS Online Proc. Libr. Arch. 2002, 753, 552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Tamilarasan, T.R.; Rajendran, R.; Rajagopal, G.; Sudagar, J. Effect of surfactants on the coating properties and corrosion behaviour of Ni–P–nano-TiO2. Surf-Coat. Tech. 2015, 276, 320–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Velikanova, T.Y.; Semenova, E.L.; Krendelsberger, N.Y.; Mazhuga, T.G. The Ti–Ni–Ru ternary system. Calphad 1999, 23, 133–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Nielsen, J.P.; Margolin, H. Titanium–Nickel Phase Diagram; Wright Air Development Center; New York University: New York, NY, USA, 1951. [Google Scholar]
  17. Poole, D.M.; Humerothery, W. The Equilibrium Diagram of the System Nickel–Titanium. J. Inst. Metals. 1955, 83, 473–480. [Google Scholar]
  18. Purdy, G.R.; Parr, J.G. A Study of Titanium Nickel System Between Ti2Ni and TiNi. Trans. AIME 1961, 221, 636–639. [Google Scholar]
  19. Jia, C.C.; Ishida, K.; Nishizawa, T. Partitioning of alloying elements between gamma (A1) and eta (D024) phases in the Ni-Ti base systems. Exp. Methods Phase Diagr. Determ. 1994, 31–38. [Google Scholar]
  20. Li, F.; Ardell, A.J. Coherent solubility limits of γ′-type phases in Ni–Al, Ni–Ga and Ni–Ti alloys. Scr. Mater. 1997, 37, 1123–1128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Wasilewski, R.J.; Butler, S.R.; Worden, J. Homogeneity range and the martensitic transformation in TiNi. Metall. Mater. Trans. B 1971, 2, 229–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Bastin, G.F.; Rieck, G.D. Diffusion in the titanium-nickel system: I. occurrence and growth of the various intermetallic compounds. Metall. Trans. 1974, 5, 1817–1826. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Kajikawa, K.; Oikawa, K.; Takahashi, F.; Yamada, H.; Anzai, K. Reassessment of Liquid/Solid Equilibrium in Ni-Rich Side of Ni–Nb and Ni–Ti Systems. Mater. Trans. 2010, 51, 781–786. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  24. Kaufman, L.; Nesor, H. Coupled phase diagrams and thermochemical data for transition metal binary systems-II. Calphad 1978, 2, 81–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Liang, H.Y.; Jin, Z.P. A reassessment of the Ti–Ni system. Calphad 1993, 17, 415–426. [Google Scholar]
  26. Bellen, P.; Hari Kumar, K.C.; Wollants, P. Thermodynamic assessment of the Ni–Ti phase diagram. Int. J. Mater. Res. 1996, 87, 972–978. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Tang, W.; Sundman, B.; Sandström, R.; Qiu, C. New modelling of the B2 phase and its associated martensitic transformation in the Ti–Ni system. Acta Mater. 1999, 47, 3457–3468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Tokunaga, T.; Hashima, K.; Ohtani, H.; Hasebe, M. Thermodynamic analysis of the Ni–Si–Ti system using thermochemical properties determined from Ab initio calculations. Mater. Trans. 2004, 45, 1507–1514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  29. Keyzer, J.D.; Cacciamani, G.; Dupin, N.; Wollants, P. Thermodynamic modeling and optimization of the Fe–Ni–Ti system. Calphad 2009, 33, 109–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Hu, B.; Du, Y.; Schuster, J.C.; Sun, W.H.; Liu, S.H.; Tang, C.Y. Thermodynamic modeling of the Cr–Ni–Ti system using a four-sublattice model for ordered/disordered bcc phases. Thermochim. Acta 2014, 578, 35–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Santhy, K.; Kumar, K.C.H. Thermodynamic reassessment of Nb–Ni–Ti system with order-disorder model. J. Alloys Compd. 2015, 619, 733–747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Hallström, S. Thermodynamic assessment of the Ni–Ru system. J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. 2004, 25, 252–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Raub, E.; Roeschel, E. The alloys of ruthenium with titanium and zirconium. Z. Metallk. 1963, 54, 455–462. [Google Scholar]
  34. Eremenko, V.N.; Shtepa, T.D.; Khoruzhaya, V.T. Ti-Ru phase diagram. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met. 1973, 2, 204–206. [Google Scholar]
  35. Boriskina, N.G.; Kornilov, I.I. Ti–Ru Phase-Diagram. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met. 1976, 2, 162–165. [Google Scholar]
  36. Kaufman, L.; Bernstein, H. Computer Calculation of Phase Diagrams; Academic Press: New York, NY, USA, 1970. [Google Scholar]
  37. Mazhuga, T.G.; Danilenko, V.M.; Velikanova, T.Y.; Semenova, E.L. Thermodynamic calculation of phase equilibria in the Ti–Ru, Ti–Os, Ni–Ru binary systems. Calphad 1998, 22, 59–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Gao, Y.L.; Guo, C.P.; Li, C.R.; Cui, S.H.; Du, Z.M. Thermodynamic modeling of the Ru–Ti system. J. Alloys Compd. 2009, 479, 148–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Boriskina, N.G. Character of the Reaction of the Intermetallic Compounds in the NiTi–TiRu System. Inst. Met. Akad. Nauk SSSR Moscow 1980, 4907–4980. [Google Scholar]
  40. Eremenko, V.N.; Tretyachenko, L.A.; Prima, S.B.; Semenova, E.L. Phase Diagrams of Ti–Ni–Gr. IV–VIII Transition Metal Systems. Poroshk. Metall. 1984, 8, 46–55. [Google Scholar]
  41. Semenova, E.L.; Rusetskaya, N.Y.; Petyukh, V.M. The TiNi–TiRu System. J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. 1995, 4, 297–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Yousuf, M.; Sahu, P.C.; Jajoo, H.K.; Rajagopalan, S.; Rajan, K.G. Effect of magnetic transition on the lattice expansion of nickel. J. Phys. F Met. Phys. 1986, 16, 373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Spreadborough, J.; Christian, J.W. The measurement of the lattice expansions and Debye temperatures of titanium and silver by X-ray methods. Proc. Phys. Soc. 1959, 74, 609. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Pawar, R.R.; Deshpande, V.T. The anisotropy of the thermal expansion of α-titanium. Acta Crystallogr. A 1968, 24, 316–317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  45. King, H.W. Crystal Structures of the Elements at 25 °C. Bull. Alloy Phase Diagr. 1981, 2, 401–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Taylor, A.; Floyd, R.W. Precision measurements of lattice parameters of non-cubic crystals. Acta Crystallogr. 1950, 3, 285–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Dwight, A.E. CsCl-type equiatomic phases in binary alloys of transition elements. Trans. Min. Metall. Eng. 1959, 215, 283–286. [Google Scholar]
  48. Yurko, G.A.; Barton, J.W.; Parr, J.G. The crystal structure of Ti2Ni. Acta Crystallogr. 1959, 12, 909–911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Jordan, C.B. Crystal structure of TiRu and TiOs. JOM 1955, 7, 832–833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Jin, Z.P. A study of the range of stability of sigma phase in some ternary systems. Scand. J. Metall. 1981, 10, 279–287. [Google Scholar]
  51. Raub, E.; Menzel, D. Die Nickel-Ruthenium-Legierungen. Int. J. Mater. Res. 1961, 52, 831–833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Materials 16 05299 g002 550
Figure 2. SEM micrographs (a,c) and XRD patterns (b,d) of annealed alloys B1 (a,b) and B2 (c,d).
Figure 2. SEM micrographs (a,c) and XRD patterns (b,d) of annealed alloys B1 (a,b) and B2 (c,d).
Materials 16 05299 g002
Materials 16 05299 g003 550
Figure 3. SEM micrographs (a–c) and XRD patterns (d) of annealed alloys B3 (a), B4 (b), and B5 (c).
Figure 3. SEM micrographs (a–c) and XRD patterns (d) of annealed alloys B3 (a), B4 (b), and B5 (c).
Materials 16 05299 g003
Materials 16 05299 g004 550
Figure 4. SEM micrograph (a) and XRD patterns (b) of annealed alloy B6.
Figure 4. SEM micrograph (a) and XRD patterns (b) of annealed alloy B6.
Materials 16 05299 g004
Materials 16 05299 g005 550
Figure 5. SEM micrographs (a,c) and XRD patterns (b,d) of annealed alloys B7 (a,b) and B8 (c,d).
Figure 5. SEM micrographs (a,c) and XRD patterns (b,d) of annealed alloys B7 (a,b) and B8 (c,d).
Materials 16 05299 g005
Materials 16 05299 g006 550
Figure 6. SEM micrograph (a) and XRD patterns (b) of annealed alloy B9.
Figure 6. SEM micrograph (a) and XRD patterns (b) of annealed alloy B9.
Materials 16 05299 g006
Materials 16 05299 g007 550
Figure 7. SEM micrograph and EDX composition profile of diffusion couples: (Ni3Ti + γ(Ni)) − τ1 at 1150 °C.
Figure 7. SEM micrograph and EDX composition profile of diffusion couples: (Ni3Ti + γ(Ni)) − τ1 at 1150 °C.
Materials 16 05299 g007
Materials 16 05299 g008 550
Figure 8. SEM micrographs (a,c) and XRD patterns (b,d) of as-cast alloys C3 (a,b) and C4 (c,d).
Figure 8. SEM micrographs (a,c) and XRD patterns (b,d) of as-cast alloys C3 (a,b) and C4 (c,d).
Materials 16 05299 g008
Materials 16 05299 g009 550
Figure 9. SEM micrographs (a,c) and XRD patterns (b,d) of as-cast alloys C6 (a,b) and C15 (c,d).
Figure 9. SEM micrographs (a,c) and XRD patterns (b,d) of as-cast alloys C6 (a,b) and C15 (c,d).
Materials 16 05299 g009
Materials 16 05299 g010 550
Figure 10. SEM micrographs (a,c) and XRD patterns (b,d) of as-cast alloys C14 (a,b) and C26 (c,d).
Figure 10. SEM micrographs (a,c) and XRD patterns (b,d) of as-cast alloys C14 (a,b) and C26 (c,d).
Materials 16 05299 g010
Materials 16 05299 g011 550
Figure 11. SEM micrograph (a) and XRD patterns (b) of as-cast alloy C10.
Figure 11. SEM micrograph (a) and XRD patterns (b) of as-cast alloy C10.
Materials 16 05299 g011
Materials 16 05299 g012 550
Figure 12. SEM micrographs (a,c) and XRD patterns (b,d) of as-cast alloys C30 (a,b) and C31 (c,d).
Figure 12. SEM micrographs (a,c) and XRD patterns (b,d) of as-cast alloys C30 (a,b) and C31 (c,d).
Materials 16 05299 g012
Materials 16 05299 g013 550
Figure 13. SEM micrographs (a,c) and XRD patterns (b,d) of as-cast alloys C12 (a,b) and C13 (c,d).
Figure 13. SEM micrographs (a,c) and XRD patterns (b,d) of as-cast alloys C12 (a,b) and C13 (c,d).
Materials 16 05299 g013
Materials 16 05299 g014 550
Figure 14. SEM micrographs (a,c) and XRD patterns (b,d) of as-cast alloys C11 (a,b) and C23 (c,d).
Figure 14. SEM micrographs (a,c) and XRD patterns (b,d) of as-cast alloys C11 (a,b) and C23 (c,d).
Materials 16 05299 g014
Materials 16 05299 g015 550
Figure 15. Results of DSC analyses of as-cast alloys: (a) C4; (b) C23; (c) C31.
Figure 15. Results of DSC analyses of as-cast alloys: (a) C4; (b) C23; (c) C31.
Materials 16 05299 g015
Materials 16 05299 g016 550
Figure 16. Isothermal section of Ni–Ti–Ru ternary system at 1150 °C.
Figure 16. Isothermal section of Ni–Ti–Ru ternary system at 1150 °C.
Materials 16 05299 g016
Materials 16 05299 g017 550
Figure 17. Liquidus surface projection of Ni–Ti–Ru ternary system.
Figure 17. Liquidus surface projection of Ni–Ti–Ru ternary system.
Materials 16 05299 g017
Materials 16 05299 g018 550
Figure 18. Invariant reaction scheme for Ni–Ti–Ru ternary system.
Figure 18. Invariant reaction scheme for Ni–Ti–Ru ternary system.
Materials 16 05299 g018
Table
Table 1. Constituent phases and compositions of samples annealed at 1150 °C isothermal section in Ni–Ti–Ru ternary system.
Table 1. Constituent phases and compositions of samples annealed at 1150 °C isothermal section in Ni–Ti–Ru ternary system.
SampleNominal
Composition/at.%		PhaseComposition/at.%
NiTi Ru
B1Ni15.76Ti68.47Ru15.77(Ni,Ru)Ti15.0455.0029.96
β(Ti)10.1678.1711.67
Liq.128.1470.011.85
B2Ni39.79Ti54.80Ru5.41Liq.130.8468.810.71
(Ni,Ru)Ti41.4451.467.10
B3Ni59.17Ti29.94Ru20.44Ni3Ti71.7026.022.28
(Ni,Ru)Ti5.5348.9745.50
B4Ni59.28Ti30.92Ru9.80Ni3Ti72.9326.200.87
(Ni,Ru)Ti11.5549.5338.92
B5Ni53.28Ti35.65Ru11.06Ni3Ti73.2926.230.48
(Ni,Ru)Ti25.8449.6324.53
B6Ni56.61Ti4.76Ru38.63δ(Ru)28.433.8367.75
δ(Ni,Ru)34.864.6160.53
γ(Ni)69.865.5224.62
B7Ni39.74Ti20.59Ru39.67δ(Ru)20.3110.8768.82
τ148.3723.4428.19
(Ni,Ru)Ti2.9447.4349.63
B8Ni59.08Ti13.36Ru27.56δ(Ni,Ru)50.4411.6337.93
τ156.9119.6923.40
γ(Ni)63.4912.2722.24
B9Ni64.51Ti25.59Ru9.90τ163.8025.1411.06
(Ni,Ru)Ti4.0447.8048.16
Ni3Ti65.0825.6324.53
B10Ni41.64Ti28.77Ru29.59τ151.7924.0924.12
(Ni,Ru)Ti4.1548.5947.26
B11Ni56.93Ti9.32Ru33.75δ(Ni,Ru)46.989.7743.25
γ(Ni)66.099.7924.12
B12Ni54.50Ti5.30Ru40.20δ(Ni,Ru)45.607.0247.38
γ(Ni)68.137.3824.49
B13Ni40.42Ti14.87Ru14.71τ150.1722.7727.06
δ(Ni,Ru)34.6210.7154.67
B14Ni67.01Ti17.84Ru15.15τ162.9920.9616.05
γ(Ni)73.0612.4914.45
B15Ni73.81Ti20.94Ru5.26Ni3Ti71.6922.715.60
γ(Ni)82.5513.154.30
Table
Table 2. Alloy compositions and primary solidification phases of as-cast alloys.
Table 2. Alloy compositions and primary solidification phases of as-cast alloys.
SampleAlloy Compositions/at.%Primary Solidification Phase
NiTi Ru
C117.7625.5456.70δ(Ru)
C218.8021.8559.36δ(Ru)
C341.2217.4841.30δ(Ru)
C439.0022.0138.99δ(Ru)
C559.9610.5929.45δ(Ru)
C659.0615.7225.22δ(Ru)
C759.3924.7415.86(Ni,Ru)Ti
C858.3338.563.11(Ni,Ru)Ti
C962.7533.733.52Ni3Ti
C1063.6828.507.82Ni3Ti + (Ni,Ru)Ti
C1123.1775.571.26β(Ti) + NiTi2
C1213.5473.2713.19(Ni,Ru)Ti
C1311.2776.8311.90β(Ti)
C1454.2120.3125.48τ1
C1550.5424.0825.38(Ni,Ru)Ti
C1654.5124.0521.44(Ni,Ru)Ti
C1712.5535.3952.07(Ni,Ru)Ti
C1864.148.7827.07δ(Ru)
C1962.9922.6713.34τ1
C2067.6328.793.58Ni3Ti
C2164.8827.327.80Ni3Ti + (Ni,Ru)Ti
C2227.0774.201.72β(Ti) + NiTi2
C2321.6568.609.75(Ni,Ru)Ti
C2456.3121.0122.68τ1
C2569.0521.609.35Ni3Ti + τ1
C2665.2915.6119.10γ(Ni)
C2764.6421.0614.30τ1
C2824.1470.944.92(Ni,Ru)Ti
C2968.8318.9012.26τ1
C3068.4423.877.69Ni3Ti + γ(Ni)
C3164.3325.699.98τ1
Table
Table 3. Invariant reactions in Ni–Ti–Ru ternary system.
Table 3. Invariant reactions in Ni–Ti–Ru ternary system.
Invariant ReactionReaction TypeReaction Temperature (°C)Reference
liq. + (Ni,Ru)Ti + δ(Ru)P1 a~1500This work
liq. + δ(Ru) ↔ τ1 + γ(Ni)U11404This work
liq. + τ1 ↔ γ(Ni) + Ni3TiU2 a~1330This work
liq. + τ1 ↔ (Ni,Ru)Ti + Ni3TiU31337This work
liq. + (Ni,Ru)Ti ↔ β(Ti) + NiTi2U4984This work
980[15]
a Note that the invariant reactions U1, U3, and U4 are determined directly, and P1 and U2 are inferred in this work.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ma, D.; Li, Z.; Liu, Y.; Zhao, M.; Hu, J. Experimental Investigations of Ni–Ti–Ru System: Liquidus Surface Projection and 1150 °C Isothermal Section. Materials 2023, 16, 5299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16155299

AMA Style

Ma D, Li Z, Liu Y, Zhao M, Hu J. Experimental Investigations of Ni–Ti–Ru System: Liquidus Surface Projection and 1150 °C Isothermal Section. Materials. 2023; 16(15):5299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16155299

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ma, Dupei, Zhi Li, Yan Liu, Manxiu Zhao, and Jingxian Hu. 2023. "Experimental Investigations of Ni–Ti–Ru System: Liquidus Surface Projection and 1150 °C Isothermal Section" Materials 16, no. 15: 5299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16155299

APA Style

Ma, D., Li, Z., Liu, Y., Zhao, M., & Hu, J. (2023). Experimental Investigations of Ni–Ti–Ru System: Liquidus Surface Projection and 1150 °C Isothermal Section. Materials, 16(15), 5299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16155299

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop