Optimizing the L/S Ratio in Geopolymers for the Production of Large-Size Elements with 3D Printing Technology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Specimens
2.3. Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. X-ray Diffraction
3.2. Densities of Geopolymer Samples
3.3. The Compressive Strength of Geopolymers
3.4. Evaluation of the Morphology of Samples after Frost Resistance Tests
3.5. Water Permeability
4. Large-Format 3D Printing
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | Fly Ash (%) | Metakaolin (%) |
---|---|---|
SiO2 | 48.22 | 52.43 |
Al2O3 | 26.13 | 42.75 |
Fe2O3 | 7.01 | 1.20 |
CaO | 5.12 | 0.49 |
K2O | 3.48 | 1.30 |
MgO | 1.72 | 0.18 |
Na2O | 1.62 | 0.00 |
SO3 | 1.11 | 0.03 |
TiO2 | 1.11 | 0.31 |
P2O5 | 0.70 | 0.44 |
MnO | 0.09 | 0.01 |
Sample | Composition | Liquid/Solid Ratio | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FA (g) | MK (g) | Sand (g) | Basalt Aggregate (g) | 10-Molar NaOH/Water Glass 1:2.5 (g) | ||
FA–0.30 | 100 | - | 100 | - | 60 | 0.30 |
FA–0.35 | 100 | - | 100 | - | 70 | 0.35 |
FA–0.45 | 100 | - | 100 | - | 90 | 0.45 |
FA–0.35 + 30% A | 80 | - | 60 | 60 | 70 | 0.35 |
MK–0.30 | - | 100 | 100 | - | 60 | 0.30 |
MK–0.35 | - | 100 | 100 | - | 70 | 0.35 |
MK–0.45 | - | 100 | 100 | - | 90 | 0.45 |
MK–0.35 + 30% A | - | 80 | 60 | 60 | 70 | 0.35 |
Phase | Quantitative Share (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FA–0.30 | FA–0.35 | FA–0.45 | MK–0.30 | MK–0.35 | MK–0.45 | |
Quartz | 36.6 | 45.1 | 18.3 | 12.6 | 44.8 | 10.1 |
Mullite | 18.1 | 28.9 | 20.4 | 12.8 | 8.8 | 9.8 |
Albite | 21.4 | 4.2 | 20.4 | 59.1 | 41.0 | 67.2 |
Calcium Sulfate | 23.9 | 21.8 | 40.8 | - | - | - |
Kaolinite-1A | - | - | - | 15.6 | 5.3 | 12.9 |
Designation | Reference Sample | After the Compressive Strength Test | |
---|---|---|---|
Samples Not Subjected to the Freeze–Thaw Cycles | Samples after 12 Freeze–Thaw Cycles | ||
FA–0.30 | |||
FA–0.35 | |||
FA–0.45 | |||
FA–0.35 + 30% A | |||
MK–0.30 | |||
MK–0.35 | |||
MK–0.45 | |||
MK–0.35 + 30% A |
Sample | Time (h) | Depth of Water Penetration (mm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
24 | 48 | 76 | ||
FA–0.30 | not soaked | not soaked | not soaked | 14 ± 2 |
MK–0.30 | not soaked | not soaked | soaked | 150 ± 0 |
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Marczyk, J.; Ziejewska, C.; Pławecka, K.; Bąk, A.; Łach, M.; Korniejenko, K.; Hager, I.; Mikuła, J.; Lin, W.-T.; Hebda, M. Optimizing the L/S Ratio in Geopolymers for the Production of Large-Size Elements with 3D Printing Technology. Materials 2022, 15, 3362. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093362
Marczyk J, Ziejewska C, Pławecka K, Bąk A, Łach M, Korniejenko K, Hager I, Mikuła J, Lin W-T, Hebda M. Optimizing the L/S Ratio in Geopolymers for the Production of Large-Size Elements with 3D Printing Technology. Materials. 2022; 15(9):3362. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093362
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarczyk, Joanna, Celina Ziejewska, Kinga Pławecka, Agnieszka Bąk, Michał Łach, Kinga Korniejenko, Izabela Hager, Janusz Mikuła, Wei-Ting Lin, and Marek Hebda. 2022. "Optimizing the L/S Ratio in Geopolymers for the Production of Large-Size Elements with 3D Printing Technology" Materials 15, no. 9: 3362. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093362