Fabrication and Characterization of Superhydrophobic Al-Based Surface Used for Finned-Tube Heat Exchangers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Surface Fabrication Process
2.3. Surface Characterization
2.4. Investigation of Durability
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Fabrication Process Optimization
3.1.1. Influence of Etching Solution Concentration
3.1.2. Process Optimization Based on RSM
3.1.3. Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Finned-Tube Heat Exchanger
3.2. Surface Wettability
3.3. Surface Morphology and Composition
3.4. Durability Property
3.4.1. Air Exposure Test
3.4.2. Corrosion Resistance
3.4.3. Mechanical Robustness Test
3.5. Evaluation of Surface Characteristics
4. Conclusions
- The fabrication process and parameters were improved. The single factor experiments of etching solution concentration provided a reasonable HCl solution concentration of 2 mol/L. The RSM and variance analysis determined the response relationship between etching time, deposition time, drying temperature and contact angle. The optimal manufacturing parameters were the etching time in HCl solution of 10.5 min, the self-assembly time in the stearic acid ethanol solution of 48 h, and drying under 73.0 °C.
- The resulting Al fins have excellent superhydrophobicity. The WCA was 166.9° and the CAH was 3.7°. The area fraction of the air–liquid interface in the superhydrophobic Al surface was 93.5% calculated by Cassie–Baxter model. The free energy of the superhydrophobic fin was 2.53 mN/m.
- The FE-SEM images and 3D topography analysis showed suitable micro-nano structures, and the XPS and FTIR spectra showed the self-assembly of an alkyl chain, which are essential for the realization of the superhydrophobic surface.
- A WCA decay model was established for surfaces exposed to air. At a preset service period of 10 years, the WCA dropped would be 2.4°. In evaluating anti-corrosion performance, the modified fins showed good anti-corrosion properties in the NSS accelerated corrosion test, and the surface maintained superhydrophobicity in acidic to neutral environments. In addition, the Al surface still met the evaluation criteria of superhydrophobicity after the abrasion test.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Influence Factors | Factor Levels | ||
---|---|---|---|
−1 | 0 | 1 | |
Etching time/min | 10.0 | 10.5 | 11.0 |
Deposition time/h | 24 | 36 | 48 |
Drying temperature/°C | 70.0 | 80.0 | 90.0 |
Run | A. Etching Time/min | B. Deposition Time/h | C. Drying Temperature/°C | Response WCA/° |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 11.0 | 24 | 80.0 | 157.1 |
2 | 11.0 | 48 | 80.0 | 168.6 |
3 | 10.5 | 24 | 90.0 | 157.1 |
4 | 11.0 | 36 | 90.0 | 168.7 |
5 | 10.5 | 24 | 70.0 | 161.5 |
6 | 10.5 | 48 | 90.0 | 162.6 |
7 | 10.0 | 36 | 70.0 | 152.9 |
8 | 11.0 | 36 | 70.0 | 161.8 |
9 | 10.0 | 48 | 80.0 | 154.3 |
10 | 10.5 | 36 | 80.0 | 160.7 |
11 | 10.0 | 36 | 90.0 | 155.0 |
12 | 10.0 | 24 | 80.0 | 155.9 |
13 | 10.5 | 48 | 70.0 | 159.1 |
14 | 10.5 | 36 | 80.0 | 155.3 |
15 | 10.5 | 36 | 80.0 | 156.2 |
16 | 10.5 | 36 | 80.0 | 160.2 |
17 | 10.5 | 36 | 80.0 | 164.4 |
Source | Sum of Squares | Df | Mean Square | F Value | p Value Prob > F | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 210.78 | 3 | 70.26 | 6.28 | 0.0072 | Significant |
A | 181.45 | 1 | 181.45 | 16.21 | 0.0014 | |
B | 21.12 | 1 | 21.12 | 1.89 | 0.1928 | |
C | 8.20 | 1 | 8.20 | 0.73 | 0.4075 | |
Residual | 145.53 | 13 | 11.19 | |||
Lack of Fit | 91.16 | 9 | 10.13 | 0.75 | 0.6733 | Not significant |
Pure Error | 54.37 | 4 | 13.59 | |||
Cor Total | 356.31 | 16 |
Factor | Coefficient Estimate | Df | Standard Error | 95% CI | VIF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | High | |||||
Intercept | 159.49 | 1 | 0.81 | 157.74 | 161.25 | |
A | 4.76 | 1 | 1.18 | 2.21 | 7.32 | 1.00 |
B | 1.63 | 1 | 1.18 | −0.93 | 4.18 | 1.00 |
C | 1.01 | 1 | 1.18 | −1.54 | 3.57 | 1.00 |
Sample No. | Initial WCA/° | pH Values of the Aqueous Solutions |
---|---|---|
1 | 169.0 | 3 |
2 | 160.2 | 5 |
3 | 165.9 | 7 |
4 | 167.1 | 9 |
5 | 166.4 | 11 |
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Li, R.; Wang, Z.; Chen, M.; Li, Z.; Luo, X.; Lu, W.; Gu, Z. Fabrication and Characterization of Superhydrophobic Al-Based Surface Used for Finned-Tube Heat Exchangers. Materials 2022, 15, 3060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093060
Li R, Wang Z, Chen M, Li Z, Luo X, Lu W, Gu Z. Fabrication and Characterization of Superhydrophobic Al-Based Surface Used for Finned-Tube Heat Exchangers. Materials. 2022; 15(9):3060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093060
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Ran, Zanshe Wang, Meijuan Chen, Zhang Li, Xiaowei Luo, Weizhen Lu, and Zhaolin Gu. 2022. "Fabrication and Characterization of Superhydrophobic Al-Based Surface Used for Finned-Tube Heat Exchangers" Materials 15, no. 9: 3060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093060