Physicochemical Properties of Biochar Produced from Goldenrod Plants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characteristics of the Biomass Material
2.2. The Torrefaction Process
2.3. Measurement of Moisture Content
2.4. Measurement of Bulk Density
2.5. Measurement of Ash Content
2.6. Measurement of Volatile Matter Content
2.7. Combustion Heat and Calorific Value Measurement
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Biomass and Biochar Bulk Density
3.2. Moisture Content in Biomass and Biochar
3.3. Statistical Analysis Results
- group a: Giant goldenrod—plant vegetative, Canadian goldenrod—plant vegetative, Giant goldenrod—plant generative, and Canadian goldenrod—plant generative;
- group b: Canadian goldenrod—whole plant;
- group c: Giant goldenrod—whole plant.
- group a: Giant goldenrod—plant vegetative, Canadian goldenrod—plant vegetative, Giant goldenrod—plant generative and Canadian goldenrod—plant generative;
- group b: Canadian goldenrod—plant vegetative and Canadian goldenrod—whole plant;
- group c: Giant goldenrod—whole plant.
- group a: Giant goldenrod—whole plant, Canadian goldenrod—whole plant, goldenrod Giant-plant vegetative and goldenrod Canadian-plant vegetative;
- group b: goldenrod Giant-whole plant, goldenrod Giant-plant vegetative, Canadian goldenrod—plant vegetative and Giant goldenrod—plant generative;
- group c: Giant goldenrod—plant vegetative, Canadian goldenrod—plant vegetative, Giant goldenrod—plant generative and Canadian goldenrod—plant generative.
- group A: Canadian-generative-250 °C, Canadian-generative-275 °C, Giant-generative-250 °C, Giant-generative-275 °C;
- group B: Canadian-vegetative-250 °C, Canadian-vegetative-275 °C, Giant-vegetative-250 °C, Giant-vegetative-275 °C;
- group C: Giant-generative-275 °C, Canadian-vegetative-275 °C;
- group D: Canadian-whole plant-250 °C, Canadian-whole plant-275 °C;
- group E: Giant-whole plant-250 °C, Giant-whole plant-275 °C.
- group A: Canadian-generative-250 °C, Canadian-generative-275 °C, Giant-generative-250 °C, Giant-generative-275 °C;
- group B: Giant-whole plant-250 °C, Giant-whole plant-275 °C, Canadian-whole plant-250 °C;
- group C: Giant-whole plant-250 °C, Giant-whole plant-275 °C, Canadian-whole plant-275 °C;
- group D: Giant-whole plant-275 °C, Canadian-whole plant-275 °C, Giant-vegetative-250 °C;
- group E: Giant-vegetative-275 °C;
- group F: Canadian-vegetative-250 °C;
- group G: Canadian-vegetative-275 °C.
- group A: Canadian-generative-250 °C, Canadian-generative-275 °C, Giant-generative-275 °C, Canadian-vegetative-250 °C, Canadian-vegetative-275 °C, Giant-vegetative-275 °C, Canadian-whole plant-250 °C, Canadian-whole plant-275 °C;
- group B: Canadian-generative-250 °C, Giant-generative-250 °C, Canadian-vegetative-250°, Giant-vegetative-250 °C, Giant-whole plant-250 °C, Giant-whole plant-275 °C;
- group C: Canadian-generative-250 °C, Canadian-vegetative-250 °C, Giant-vegetative-250 °C, Canadian-whole plant-250 °C.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species/Plant Part | Biomass Bulk Density [kg∙m−3] | Biochar Bulk Density [kg∙m−3] |
---|---|---|
Giant goldenrod/whole plant | 464–482 | 229–301 |
Giant goldenrod/vegetative part | 395–405 | 149–291 |
Giant goldenrod/generative part | 361–452 | 188–253 |
Canadian goldenrod/whole plant | 470–487 | 243–324 |
Canadian goldenrod/vegetative part | 331–376 | 178–245 |
Canadian goldenrod/generative part | 357–465 | 193–287 |
Species/Plant Part | Biomass Moisture Content [%] | Biochar 275 °C Moisture Content [%] | Biochar 250 °C Moisture Content [%] |
---|---|---|---|
Giant goldenrod /whole plant | 9.18–10.73 | 5.19–6.08 | 5.28–6.19 |
Giant goldenrod /vegetative part | 11.9–12.86 | 7.31–7.99 | 7.24–7.94 |
Giant goldenrod /generative part | 11.01–12.20 | 8.34–9.37 | 8.09–8.96 |
Canadian goldenrod /whole plant | 10.76–12.22 | 6.53–6.98 | 6.41–7.05 |
Canadian goldenrod /vegetative part | 11.30–12.07 | 7.14–8.07 | 7.45–8.24 |
Canadian goldenrod /generative part | 11.70–12.57 | 7.26–8.03 | 7.35–7.99 |
Intergroup Factors | p Ash Content [%] | p Volatile Matter Content [%] | p Calorific Value [MJ∙kg−1] | p Combustion Heat [MJ∙kg−1] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | 0.000008 | * | 0.000550 | * | 0.925095 | 0.868240 | ||
Plant part | 0.000000 | * | 0.000000 | * | 0.019775 | * | 0.017319 | * |
Species * Plant part | 0.000000 | * | 0.000005 | * | 0.484488 | 0.542392 |
Intergroup Factors | p Ash Content [%] | p Volatile Matter Content [%] | p Calorific Value [MJ∙kg−1] | p Combustion Heat [MJ∙kg−1] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | 0.001345 | * | 0.000000 | * | 0.015063 | * | 0.016005 | * |
Plant part | 0.000000 | * | 0.000000 | * | 0.344569 | 0.513122 | ||
Material | 0.795809 | 0.000771 | * | 0.000640 | * | 0.000596 | * | |
Species *Plant part | 0.001258 | * | 0.000000 | * | 0.187318 | 0.098905 | ||
Species *Material | 0.825913 | 0.299548 | 0.488718 | 0.435784 | ||||
Plant part *Material | 0.844045 | 0.137445 | 0.263790 | 0.078582 | ||||
Species *Plant part *Material | 0.994026 | 0.582448 | 0.588975 | 0.876665 |
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Łapczyńska-Kordon, B.; Ślipek, Z.; Słomka-Polonis, K.; Styks, J.; Hebda, T.; Francik, S. Physicochemical Properties of Biochar Produced from Goldenrod Plants. Materials 2022, 15, 2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072615
Łapczyńska-Kordon B, Ślipek Z, Słomka-Polonis K, Styks J, Hebda T, Francik S. Physicochemical Properties of Biochar Produced from Goldenrod Plants. Materials. 2022; 15(7):2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072615
Chicago/Turabian StyleŁapczyńska-Kordon, Bogusława, Zbigniew Ślipek, Karolina Słomka-Polonis, Jakub Styks, Tomasz Hebda, and Sławomir Francik. 2022. "Physicochemical Properties of Biochar Produced from Goldenrod Plants" Materials 15, no. 7: 2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072615