Influence of Resorcinol to Sodium Carbonate Ratio on Carbon Xerogel Properties for Aluminium Ion Battery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Synthesis of Xerogels
2.2. Preparation of Cathode Material for AIB Experiments
2.3. Electrochemical Measurements
2.4. Instrumental Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physisorption of CXGs
3.2. X-ray Diffraction
3.3. Raman
3.4. Electronic Conductivity
3.5. SEM
3.6. Half-Cell Experiments
3.7. Cycling Performance of AIB Cells
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
CXG | Resistance Ω | Spec. Resistance Ω cm | Conductivity S cm−1 | Density g cm−3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
50 | 0.400 | 2.565 | 0.390 | 0.781 |
500 | 1.040 | 4.012 | 0.249 | 0.469 |
750 | 1.573 | 4.522 | 0.221 | 0.340 |
1000 | 1.385 | 3.846 | 0.260 | 0.348 |
1500 | 1.252 | 3.522 | 0.284 | 0.334 |
2000 | 1.221 | 3.577 | 0.280 | 0.348 |
2500 | 1.186 | 3.665 | 0.273 | 0.382 |
3000 | 0.900 | 3.031 | 0.330 | 0.402 |
3500 | 1.124 | 3.640 | 0.275 | 0.403 |
4000 | 0.958 | 3.885 | 0.257 | 0.515 |
4500 | 0.905 | 4.044 | 0.247 | 0.555 |
5000 | 1.045 | 4.109 | 0.243 | 0.491 |
10,000 | 0.905 | 4.718 | 0.212 | 0.628 |
20,000 | 0.623 | 3.551 | 0.282 | 0.693 |
NG | 0.017 | 0.052 | 19.322 | 0.782 |
CXG | AreaDFT m2 g−1 | Fit Error % | Amic (DR) m2 g−1 | Ames m2 g−1 | Vsum cm3 g−1 | Vmic (DR) % | Vmes % | Pore Size nm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
500 | 1004 | 0.418 | 691 | 312 | 1.00 | 23.1 | 76.9 | 6.0 |
750 | 919 | 0.570 | 778 | 141 | 0.83 | 31.4 | 68.6 | 5.6 |
1000 | 894 | 0.194 | 717 | 177 | 0.50 | 47.8 | 52.2 | 3.4 |
1500 | 922 | 0.039 | 736 | 187 | 0.33 | 75.6 | 24.4 | 2.1 |
2000 | 918 | 0.037 | 716 | 202 | 0.27 | 88.5 | 11.5 | 1.7 |
2500 | 940 | 0.019 | 722 | 218 | 0.27 | 90.8 | 9.2 | 1.7 |
3000 | 948 | 0.037 | 763 | 184 | 0.27 | 95.5 | 4.5 | 1.7 |
3500 | 975 | 0.022 | 739 | 237 | 0.25 | 97.2 | 2.8 | 1.6 |
4000 | 915 | 0.131 | 726 | 189 | 0.25 | 95.3 | 4.7 | 1.6 |
4500 | 931 | 0.073 | 701 | 230 | 0.24 | 99.2 | 0.8 | 1.6 |
5000 | 934 | 0.077 | 717 | 217 | 0.24 | 98.4 | 1.6 | 1.6 |
10,000 | 926 | 0.217 | 724 | 201 | 0.25 | 98.0 | 2.0 | 1.6 |
20,000 | 911 | 0.017 | 689 | 222 | 0.25 | 92.7 | 7.3 | 1.6 |
NG | 22 | 1.298 | / | 22 | 0.07 | 57.1 | 42.9 | 13.0 |
b-Value (Lindström’s Method) | Anodic | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | a5 |
1.01 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.86 | ||
Cathodic | c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | c5 | |
1.50 | 0.85 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.95 | ||
Charge mC | Rel. Charge Ratio % | |||||
QMeasured | 968 | - | ||||
QCalculated * | 1019 | 100 | ||||
QFarad | 544 | QFarad/QCalculated | 53 | |||
Q(Pseudo)cap | 475 | Q(Pseudo)cap/QCalculated | 47 | |||
QEDLC | 445 | QEDLC/Q(Pseudo)cap | 94 | |||
QPseudocap | 30 | QPseudocap/Q(Pseudo)cap | 6 | |||
Error (measured vs. calculated charge/%) | 5 |
b-Value (Lindström’s Method) | Anodic | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | a5 |
0.89 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.67 | ||
Cathodic | c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | c5 | |
0.91 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | ||
Charge mC | Rel. Charge Ratio % | |||||
QMeasured | 1110 | 100 | ||||
QEDLC | 97 | QEDLC/QMeasured | 8 |
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Stage (n) | d(n+2)/d(n+1) Ratio | Dominant (00l) Peak |
---|---|---|
1 | 1.50 | 002 |
2 | 1.33 | 003 |
3 | 1.25 | 004 |
4 | 1.20 | 005 |
5 | 1.17 | 006 |
6 | 1.14 | 007 |
Peak Pair (1) | Peak Pair (2) | |
---|---|---|
2θ (00n+1)/2θ degree | 28.0 | 22.4 |
2θ (00n+2)/2θ degree | 22.4 | 16.7 |
dobs(n+1)/Å | 3.18 | 3.98 |
dobs(n+2)/Å | 3.98 | 5.31 |
dobs(n+2)/dobs(n+1) | 1.25 | 1.33 |
Dominant stage (n) | 3 | 2 |
Periodic distance IC/Å | 15.93 | |
AlxCly gallery height (di)/Å | 9.23 | 12.58 |
AlxCly gallery expansion (∆d)/Å | 5.88 | 9.23 |
Literature for (di)/Å (dominant stage) | 5.7 (4) [11] 9.54 (3) [75] 9.59 (4) [83] | |
Literature for (∆d)/Å (dominant stage) | 6.24 (4) [83] |
CXG | Spec. Area m² g−1 | VMe cm3 g−1 | Mean Pore Size nm | LA/LC nm | ΓD-Band m−1 | Conduct. S cm−1 | Qdis @ 0.1 A g−1 30th Cycle mAh g−1 | CE% | EE % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
500 | 1004 | 0.77 | 6.0 | 1.57/0.96 | 195 | 0.249 | 28.7 | 98.2 | 60.2 |
750 | 919 | 0.57 | 5.6 | 1.45/0.99 | 205 | 0.221 | 11.8 | 91.5 | 46.1 |
1000 | 894 | 0.26 | 3.4 | 1.45/1.04 | 224 | 0.260 | 23.3. | 93.0 | 44.8 |
1500 | 922 | 0.08 | 2.1 | 1.39/1.06 | 190 | 0.284 | 6.6 | 99.1 | 35.7 |
2500 | 944 | 0.02 | 1.7 | 1.45/0.94 | 188 | 0.273 | 1.4 | 99.7 | 41.1 |
NG | 22 | 0.03 | 13.0 | 9.0–41.0 | 110 | 19.3 | 68.8 | 97.4 | 84.7 |
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Eckert, M.; Suthar, H.; Drillet, J.-F. Influence of Resorcinol to Sodium Carbonate Ratio on Carbon Xerogel Properties for Aluminium Ion Battery. Materials 2022, 15, 2597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072597
Eckert M, Suthar H, Drillet J-F. Influence of Resorcinol to Sodium Carbonate Ratio on Carbon Xerogel Properties for Aluminium Ion Battery. Materials. 2022; 15(7):2597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072597
Chicago/Turabian StyleEckert, Martin, Heena Suthar, and Jean-Francois Drillet. 2022. "Influence of Resorcinol to Sodium Carbonate Ratio on Carbon Xerogel Properties for Aluminium Ion Battery" Materials 15, no. 7: 2597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072597