Study on Delamination Damage of CFRP Laminates Based on Acoustic Emission and Micro Visualization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material Preparation and DCB Test Procedure
2.2. AE Data Acquisition Device
2.3. Strain Energy Release Rate
2.4. The Rise Angle Method
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Energy Release Rate of Laminates with Different Interface Fiber Orientation
3.2. Analysis of Acoustic Emission and Damage Mechanism of Laminated Plates with Different Interface Fiber Orientations
3.3. The RA Values of Laminates with Different Interface Fiber Orientation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Liu, H.; Meng, X.; Zhang, H.; Nie, H.; Zhang, C.; Li, Y. The dynamic crack propagation behavior of mode I interlaminar crack in unidirectional carbon/epoxy composites. Eng. Fract. Mech. 2019, 215, 65–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sebaey, T.; Blanco, N.; Costa, J.; Lopes, C. Characterization of crack propagation in mode I delamination of multidirectional CFRP laminates. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2012, 72, 1251–1256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saidane, E.H.; Scida, D.; Pac, M.-J.; Ayad, R. Mode-I interlaminar fracture toughness of flax, glass and hybrid flax-glass fibre woven composites: Failure mechanism evaluation using acoustic emission analysis. Polym. Test. 2019, 75, 246–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shrivastava, R.; Singh, K. Interlaminar fracture toughness characterization of laminated composites: A review. Polym. Rev. 2020, 60, 542–593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, B.W.; Mayer, A.H. Influence of fiber direction and mixed-mode ratio on delamination fracture toughness of carbon/epoxy laminates. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2003, 63, 695–713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Solaimurugan, S.; Velmurugan, R. Influence of in-plane fibre orientation on mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of stitched glass/polyester composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2008, 68, 1742–1752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saravanakumar, K.; Suresh Kumar, C.; Arumugam, V. Damage monitoring of glass/epoxy laminates with different interply fiber orientation using acoustic emission. Struct. Health Monit. 2021, 20, 445–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Handbook-MIL-HDBK Military. 17-3F: Composite Materials Handbook, Volume 3-Polymer Matrix Composites Materials Usage, Design, and Analysis; US Department of Defense: Norfolk, VA, USA, 2002; p. 3. [Google Scholar]
- Perrin, F.; Bureau, M.; Denault, J.; Dickson, J. Mode I interlaminar crack propagation in continuous glass fiber/polypropylene composites: Temperature and molding condition dependence. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2003, 63, 597–607. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Machado, J.; Hayashi, A.; Sekigushi, Y.; Campilho, R.; Marques, E.; Sato, C.; da Silva, L.F. Dynamic behaviour in mode I fracture toughness of CFRP as a function of temperature. Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. 2019, 103, 102257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oskouei, A.R.; Ahmadi, M. Acoustic emission characteristics of mode I delamination in glass/polyester composites. J. Compos. Mater. 2010, 44, 793–807. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fotouhi, M.; Saeedifar, M.; Sadeghi, S.; Najafabadi, M.A.; Minak, G. Investigation of the damage mechanisms for mode I delamination growth in foam core sandwich composites using acoustic emission. Struct. Health Monit. 2015, 14, 265–280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sobhani, A.; Saeedifar, M.; Najafabadi, M.A.; Fotouhi, M.; Zarouchas, D. The study of buckling and post-buckling behavior of laminated composites consisting multiple delaminations using acoustic emission. Thin Walled Struct. 2018, 127, 145–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nazarchuk, Z.; Skalskyi, V.; Serhiyenko, O. The Generation of Elastic Acoustic Emission Waves Due to the Fracture of Solids. In Acoustic Emission; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2017; pp. 1–28. [Google Scholar]
- Davijani, A.B.; Hajikhani, M.; Ahmadi, M. Acoustic Emission based on sentry function to monitor the initiation of delamination in composite materials. Mater. Des. 2011, 32, 3059–3065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bohse, J.; Brunner, A. Acoustic emission in delamination investigation. In Delamination Behaviour of Composites; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2008; pp. 217–277. [Google Scholar]
- Yousefi, J.; Mohamadi, R.; Saeedifar, M.; Ahmadi, M.; Hosseini-Toudeshky, H. Delamination characterization in composite laminates using acoustic emission features, micro visualization and finite element modeling. J. Compos. Mater. 2016, 50, 3133–3145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yilmaz, C.; Yildiz, M. A study on correlating reduction in Poisson’s ratio with transverse crack and delamination through acoustic emission signals. Polym. Test. 2017, 63, 47–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ndiaye, I.; Maslouhi, A.; Denault, J. Characterization of interfacial properties of composite materials by acoustic emission. Polym. Compos. 2000, 21, 595–604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sause, M.G.; Müller, T.; Horoschenkoff, A.; Horn, S. Quantification of failure mechanisms in mode-I loading of fiber reinforced plastics utilizing acoustic emission analysis. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2012, 72, 167–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barile, C.; Casavola, C.; Pappalettera, G.; Vimalathithan, P.K. Damage characterization in composite materials using acoustic emission signal-based and parameter-based data. Compos. Part B Eng. 2019, 178, 107469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oz, F.E.; Calik, E.; Ersoy, N. Finite element analysis and acoustic emission monitoring of progressive failure of corrugated core composite structures. Compos. Struct. 2020, 253, 112775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chelliah, S.K.; Kannivel, S.K.; Vellayaraj, A. Characterization of failure mechanism in glass, carbon and their hybrid composite laminates in epoxy resin by acoustic emission monitoring. Nondestruct. Test. Eval. 2019, 34, 254–266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Godin, N.; Reynaud, P.; Fantozzi, G. Challenges and Limitations in the Identification of Acoustic Emission Signature of Damage Mechanisms in Composites Materials. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 1267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Roundi, W.; El Mahi, A.; El Gharad, A.; Rebiere, J.-L. Acoustic emission monitoring of damage progression in glass/epoxy composites during static and fatigue tensile tests. Appl. Acoust. 2018, 132, 124–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Romhány, G.; Czigány, T.; Karger-Kocsis, J. Failure assessment and evaluation of damage development and crack growth in polymer composites via localization of acoustic emission events: A review. Polym. Rev. 2017, 57, 397–439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Naya, F.; Pappas, G.; Botsis, J. Micromechanical study on the origin of fiber bridging under interlaminar and intralaminar mode I failure. Compos. Struct. 2019, 210, 877–891. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fu, S.-Y.; Lauke, B. Effects of fiber length and fiber orientation distributions on the tensile strength of short-fiber-reinforced polymers. Compos. Sci. Technol. 1996, 56, 1179–1190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mortazavian, S.; Fatemi, A. Effects of fiber orientation and anisotropy on tensile strength and elastic modulus of short fiber reinforced polymer composites. Compos. Part B Eng. 2015, 72, 116–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ASTM Standard D5528-13; Standard Test. Method for Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2013; p. 13.
- ASTM E976-15; Standard Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission Sensor Response. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2021; p. 7.
- Shahani, A.R.; Abolfathitabar, R.; Shooshtar, H. On the validity of LEFM methods to investigate the fracture behavior of angle-ply laminates. Compos. Part B Eng. 2019, 160, 249–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jones, R.; Kinloch, A.J.; Michopoulos, J.G.; Brunner, A.J.; Phan, N. Delamination growth in polymer-matrix fibre composites and the use of fracture mechanics data for material characterisation and life prediction. Compos. Struct. 2017, 180, 316–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andrews, M.G.; Massabò, R. The effects of shear and near tip deformations on energy release rate and mode mixity of edge-cracked orthotropic layers. Eng. Fract. Mech. 2007, 74, 2700–2720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thouless, M.D. Shear forces, root rotations, phase angles and delamination of layered materials. Eng. Fract. Mech. 2018, 191, 153–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Massabò, R.; Ustinov, K.; Barbieri, L. Fracture mechanics solutions for interfacial cracks between compressible thin layers and substrates. Coatings. 2019, 9, 152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Monetto, I.; Massabò, R. An analytical beam model for the evaluation of crack tip root rotations and displacements in orthotropic specimens. Frat. Integr. Strutt. 2020, 14, 372–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hashemi, S.; Kinloch, A.; Williams, J. Corrections needed in double-cantilever beam tests for assessing the interlaminar failure of fibre-composites. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 1989, 8, 125–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ohtsu, M. Recommendation of RILEM TC 212-ACD: Acoustic emission and related NDE techniques for crack detection and damage evaluation in concrete: Test method for damage qualification of reinforced concrete beams by acoustic emission. Mater. Struct. 2010, 43, 1183–1186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- McCrory, J.P.; Al-Jumaili, S.K.; Crivelli, D.; Pearson, M.R.; Eaton, M.J.; Featherston, C.A.; Guagliano, M.; Holforda, K.M.; Pullina, R. Damage classification in carbon fibre composites using acoustic emission: A comparison of three techniques. Compos. Part B Eng. 2015, 68, 424–430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shateri, M.; Ghaib, M.; Svecova, D. On acoustic emission for damage detection and failure prediction in fiber reinforced polymer rods using pattern recognition analysis. Smart Mater. Struct. 2017, 26, 065023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shiotani, T.; Ohtsu, M.; Ikeda, K. Detection and evaluation of AE waves due to rock deformation. Constr. Build. Mater. 2001, 15, 235–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aggelis, D.; Barkoula, N.; Matikas, T.; Paipetis, A. Acoustic emission monitoring of degradation of cross ply laminates. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2010, 127, EL246–EL251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Aggelis D, G. Classification of cracking mode in concrete by acoustic emission parameters. Mech Res. Commun. 2011, 38, 153–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aggelis, D.; Soulioti, D.; Sapouridis, N.; Barkoula, N.; Paipetis, A.; Matikas, T. Acoustic emission characterization of the fracture process in fibre reinforced concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2011, 25, 4126–4131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anastassopoulos, A.A.; Philippidis, T.P. Clustering methodology for the evaluation of acoustic emission from composites. NDT E Int. 1997, 2, 108. [Google Scholar]
- Aggelis, D.G.; Mpalaskas, A.C.; Matikas, T.E. Investigation of different fracture modes in cement-based materials by acoustic emission. Cem. Concr. Res. 2013, 48, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghaib, M.; Shateri, M.; Thomson, D. Study of FRP bars under tension using acoustic emission detection technique. J. Civ. Struct. Health Monit. 2018, 8, 285–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Sutter, S.; Verbruggen, S.; Tysmans, T. Fracture monitoring of lightweight composite-concrete beams. Compos. Struct. 2017, 167, 11–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karahan, M. Investigation of damage initiation and propagation in 2 × 2 twill woven carbon/epoxy multi-layer composites. Text. Res. J. 2011, 81, 412–428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lomov, S.V.; Bogdanovich, A.E.; Ivanov, D.S.; Mungalov, D.; Karahan, M.; Verpoest, I. A comparative study of tensile properties of non-crimp 3D orthogonal weave and multi-layer plain weave E-glass composites. Part 1: Materials, methods and principal results. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2009, 40, 1134–1143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ivanov, D.S.; Lomov, S.V.; Bogdanovich, A.E.; Karahan, M.; Verpoest, I. A comparative study of tensile properties of non-crimp 3D orthogonal weave and multi-layer plain weave E-glass composites. Part 2: Comprehensive experimental results. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2009, 40, 1144–1157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lissek, F.; Haeger, A.; Knoblauch, V.; Hloch, S.; Pude, F.; Kaufeld, M. Acoustic emission for interlaminar toughness testing of CFRP: Evaluation of the crack growth due to burst analysis. Compos. Part B Eng. 2018, 136, 55–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shahri, M.N.; Yousefi, J.; Fotouhi, M.; Ahmadi Najfabadi, M. Damage evaluation of composite materials using acoustic emission features and Hilbert transform. J. Compos. Mater. 2016, 50, 1897–1907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saeedifar, M.; Najafabadi, M.A.; Mohammadi, K.; Fotouhi, M.; Toudeshky, H.H.; Mohammadi, R. Acoustic emission-based methodology to evaluate delamination crack growth under quasi-static and fatigue loading conditions. J. Nondestruct. Eval. 2018, 37, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Barile, C. Innovative mechanical characterization of CFRP by using acoustic emission technique. Eng. Fract. Mech. 2019, 210, 414–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, K.; Cao, D.; Hu, H.; Ji, Y.; Li, S. Mechanical Properties of Thin-Ply Composites Based on Acoustic Emission Technology. Materials 2021, 14, 913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nikbakht, M.; Yousefi, J.; Hosseini-Toudeshky, H.; Minak, G. Delamination evaluation of composite laminates with different interface fiber orientations using acoustic emission features and micro visualization. Compos. Part B Eng. 2017, 113, 185–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Material Parameters | T700 Carbon Fiber | Carbon Fiber Bundle Yarn | Epoxy Resin Matrix TDE-85# |
---|---|---|---|
Tensile strength of bundle (MPa) | 4035 | ||
Tensile modulus of bundle yarn (GPa) | 210.64 | ||
0° tensile strength (MPa) | 2178 | ||
0° tensile modulus (GPa) | 132 | ||
0° compressive strength (MPa) | 1039 | ||
0° compression modulus (GPa) | 131 | ||
Poisson’s ratio (%) | 0.29 | ||
90° tensile strength (MPa) | 24 | ||
90° tensile modulus (GPa) | 11 | ||
90° compressive strength (MPa) | 168 | ||
90° compression modulus (GPa) | 13 | ||
Bending strength (MPa) | 1554 | ||
Flexural modulus (GPa) | 110 | ||
Shear strength between layers (MPa) | 81 | ||
45° shear strength (MPa) | 19 | ||
45° shear modulus (GPa) | 5.2 | ||
Tensile strength (MPa) | 60 | ||
Tensile modulus (GPa) | 3.7 |
Simple Code | Pmax/N | δ/mm | Δ/mm | GIc/kJ/m2 | h/mm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UD = 0° | 111.34 ± 0.14 | 6.29 ± 0.13 | 0.021095 | 0.46 ± 0.015 | 4.7 ± 0.15 |
30° | 66.28 ± 0.12 | 3.78 ± 0.01 | 0.0041697 | 0.32 ± 0.019 | 4.7 ± 0.05 |
45° | 80.87 ± 0.32 | 3.72 ± 0.29 | 0.007669 | 0.38 ± 0.037 | 4.8 ± 0.02 |
60° | 112.21 ± 0.07 | 0.98 ± 0.15 | 0.00461664 | 0.18 ± 0.05 | 4.8 ± 0.15 |
Stage 1 | Simple Code | P/N | δ/mm | GIc/kJ/m2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
UD = 0° | 99.8004 ± 0.008 | 2.4243 ± 0.0018 | 0.2416 | |
30° | 63.7001 ± 0.014 | 3.3145 ± 0.002 | 0.2947 | |
45° | 80.8795 ± 0.001 | 3.7247 ± 0.001 | 0.3872 | |
60° | 73.6131 ± 0.0397 | 3.4008 ± 0.0021 | 0.3454 | |
Stage 2 | Simple code | P/N | δ/mm | GIc/kJ/m2 |
UD = 0° | 111.111 ± 0.0159 | 5.6338 ± 0.0023 | 0.4767 | |
30° | 54.7648 ± 0.0001 | 7.0838 ± 0.0023 | 0.3758 | |
45° | 74.0131 ± 0.0001 | 8.5247 ± 0.0001 | 0.5764 | |
60° | 84.9009 ± 0.0053 | 11.5402 ± 0.002 | 0.9308 | |
Stage 3 | Simple code | P/N | δ/mm | GIc/kJ/m2 |
UD = 0° | 87.7734 ± 0.028 | 18.6511 ± 0.0042 | 0.7852 | |
30° | 32.0064 ± 0.0088 | 24.2292 ± 0.0041 | 0.4276 | |
45° | 41.50073 ± 0.0001 | 26.2656 ± 0.0001 | 0.5795 | |
60° | 42.7421 ± 0.0114 | 30.1013 ± 0.0045 | 0.6984 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Li, W.; Liu, Y.; Jiang, P.; Guo, F.; Cheng, J. Study on Delamination Damage of CFRP Laminates Based on Acoustic Emission and Micro Visualization. Materials 2022, 15, 1483. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041483
Li W, Liu Y, Jiang P, Guo F, Cheng J. Study on Delamination Damage of CFRP Laminates Based on Acoustic Emission and Micro Visualization. Materials. 2022; 15(4):1483. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041483
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Wei, Yinghonglin Liu, Peng Jiang, Fuping Guo, and Jiahao Cheng. 2022. "Study on Delamination Damage of CFRP Laminates Based on Acoustic Emission and Micro Visualization" Materials 15, no. 4: 1483. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041483