Author Contributions
Conceptualization, visualization, supervision, methodology, investigation, writing—original draft preparation, writing—review and editing: P.K.; project administration, funding acquisition: N.S.; conceptualization, methodology, supervision: I.G.; software, visualization, formal analysis: J.S.; review and editing, validation: D.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Figure 1.
The effect of well water cut increase on sand production increase. Kh, relative phase permeability; Sw, water saturation.
Figure 1.
The effect of well water cut increase on sand production increase. Kh, relative phase permeability; Sw, water saturation.
Figure 2.
The mechanism of formation of shear stresses from the interaction of the flow with the wall.
Figure 2.
The mechanism of formation of shear stresses from the interaction of the flow with the wall.
Figure 3.
Design of the modified RCA method autoclave. 1—Magnetic Coupling; 2—Shaft; 3—Cage; 4—Samples; 5—Drum; 6, 7—Plain Bearings; 8—Fittings.
Figure 3.
Design of the modified RCA method autoclave. 1—Magnetic Coupling; 2—Shaft; 3—Cage; 4—Samples; 5—Drum; 6, 7—Plain Bearings; 8—Fittings.
Figure 4.
Velocity modulus field in the vertical section of the pipe for the variant of the nozzle-type ICD channel inclination angle of 90° and fluid velocity at the pipe inlet of 0.662 m/s (a) and 0.297 m/s (b); graphs of shear stresses on the pipe walls at 0.1 m from the nozzle of fluid velocity at the pipe inlet of 0.662 m/s (c) and 0.297 m/s (d). The black lines correspond to the wall on which the nozzle-type ICD is located, and the red lines correspond to the opposite wall.
Figure 4.
Velocity modulus field in the vertical section of the pipe for the variant of the nozzle-type ICD channel inclination angle of 90° and fluid velocity at the pipe inlet of 0.662 m/s (a) and 0.297 m/s (b); graphs of shear stresses on the pipe walls at 0.1 m from the nozzle of fluid velocity at the pipe inlet of 0.662 m/s (c) and 0.297 m/s (d). The black lines correspond to the wall on which the nozzle-type ICD is located, and the red lines correspond to the opposite wall.
Figure 5.
Velocity modulus field in the vertical section of the pipe for the variant of the nozzle-type ICD channel inclination angle of 60° and fluid velocity at the pipe inlet of 0.662 m/s (a) and 0.297 m/s (b); graphs of shear stresses on the pipe walls at 0.1 m from the nozzle of fluid velocity at the pipe inlet of 0.662 m/s (c) and 0.297 m/s (d). The black lines correspond to the wall on which the nozzle-type ICD is located, and the red lines correspond to the opposite wall.
Figure 5.
Velocity modulus field in the vertical section of the pipe for the variant of the nozzle-type ICD channel inclination angle of 60° and fluid velocity at the pipe inlet of 0.662 m/s (a) and 0.297 m/s (b); graphs of shear stresses on the pipe walls at 0.1 m from the nozzle of fluid velocity at the pipe inlet of 0.662 m/s (c) and 0.297 m/s (d). The black lines correspond to the wall on which the nozzle-type ICD is located, and the red lines correspond to the opposite wall.
Figure 6.
Velocity modulus field in the vertical section of the pipe for the variant of the nozzle-type ICD channel inclination angle of 4 5° and fluid velocity at the pipe inlet of 0.662 m/s (a) and 0.297 m/s (b); graphs of shear stresses on the pipe walls at 0.1 m from the nozzle of fluid velocity at the pipe inlet of 0.662 m/s (c) and 0.297 m/s (d). The black lines correspond to the wall on which the nozzle-type ICD is located, and the red lines correspond to the opposite wall.
Figure 6.
Velocity modulus field in the vertical section of the pipe for the variant of the nozzle-type ICD channel inclination angle of 4 5° and fluid velocity at the pipe inlet of 0.662 m/s (a) and 0.297 m/s (b); graphs of shear stresses on the pipe walls at 0.1 m from the nozzle of fluid velocity at the pipe inlet of 0.662 m/s (c) and 0.297 m/s (d). The black lines correspond to the wall on which the nozzle-type ICD is located, and the red lines correspond to the opposite wall.
Figure 7.
Surface image and elemental composition for the sample (test speed 50 rpm) obtained with CEM.
Figure 7.
Surface image and elemental composition for the sample (test speed 50 rpm) obtained with CEM.
Figure 8.
Surface image and elemental composition for the sample (test speed 500 rpm) obtained with CEM.
Figure 8.
Surface image and elemental composition for the sample (test speed 500 rpm) obtained with CEM.
Figure 9.
Image of the sample (test speed 500 rpm) surface (top left) and the change in elemental composition as a function of removal for carbon (top right), oxygen (bottom left), and iron (bottom right).
Figure 9.
Image of the sample (test speed 500 rpm) surface (top left) and the change in elemental composition as a function of removal for carbon (top right), oxygen (bottom left), and iron (bottom right).
Figure 10.
Surface image and elemental composition for the sample (test speed 720 rpm) obtained with CEM.
Figure 10.
Surface image and elemental composition for the sample (test speed 720 rpm) obtained with CEM.
Figure 11.
Influence of wall shear stress levels on the intensification of corrosion rate.
Figure 11.
Influence of wall shear stress levels on the intensification of corrosion rate.
Table 1.
Effect of operation of downhole equipment on the parameters of corrosion and erosion processes.
Table 1.
Effect of operation of downhole equipment on the parameters of corrosion and erosion processes.
| Downhole Equipment |
---|
Factors Affecting Corrosion and Erosion Processes | Packer | Sand Screen | Inflow Control Devices | Centralizers | Shoe | Casing |
---|
The proportion of water in the stream | - | - | x | - | x/- | - |
Presence and concentration of CO2 and H2S | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Type of flow (bubble, projectile, etc.) | - | x | x | x | - | - |
Wall shear stress (WSS) | - | - | x | - | - | x |
The volume fraction of mechanical impurities in the stream | - | x | x | - | - | - |
Particle sizes of mechanical impurities | - | x | - | - | - | - |
Flow rates | - | - | x | x | - | - |
Table 2.
Properties by reservoir.
Table 2.
Properties by reservoir.
Parameters | Dimension | Values |
---|
Bottom hole pressure | MPa | 6.5–7.0 |
Reservoir temperature | °C | 63–65 |
pH | | 7.8–7.9 |
Partial pressure of CO2 | MPa | 0.2 |
Table 3.
Composition of the model water phase.
Table 3.
Composition of the model water phase.
Component | Content, g/L |
---|
Na2SO3 | 0.08 |
NaHCO3 | 0.57 |
CaCl2·2H20 | 0.30 |
MgCI2 | 0.07 |
NaCI | 3.40 |
KCI | 0.34 |
Mineralization | 4.68 |
Table 4.
The values of the maximum (local) WSS for various operation options.
Table 4.
The values of the maximum (local) WSS for various operation options.
Operating Variant | WSS, Pa | The Value of the Rotation Speed of the Stand in the Autoclave, rpm |
---|
Pipe without fitting | 1 | 50 |
Pipe with fitting 90 degrees to the pipe axis | 13 | 500 |
Pipe with fitting 45 degrees to the pipe axis | 36 | 720 |
Table 5.
Modified RCA method autoclave test results.
Table 5.
Modified RCA method autoclave test results.
WSS, Pa | Rotational Speed | Sample | Mass Loss, g | Corrosion Rate (CR), mm/y | Av. Corrosion Rate (CR), mm/y |
---|
1 | 50 rpm | 3 | 0.0639 | 0.391 | 0.443 |
4 | 0.0769 | 0.470 |
8 | 0.0762 | 0.466 |
13 | 500 rpm | 2 | 0.1903 | 1.164 | 1.025 |
4 | 0.1475 | 0.902 |
10 | 0.1646 | 1.007 |
36 | 720 rpm | 1 | 0.6638 | 4.061 | 4.000 |
7 | 0.6979 | 4.270 |
8 | 0.6001 | 3.671 |
Table 6.
Summary table of accident-free liner life with installed ICDs.
Table 6.
Summary table of accident-free liner life with installed ICDs.
Operating Variant | Rotational Speed | Av. Corrosion Rate, mm/y | The Period until Complete Corrosive Wear of the Pipe Wall with a Thickness of 7.4 mm |
---|
Pipe without fitting | 50 rpm | 0.443 | 16.7 y |
Pipe with fitting 90 degrees to the pipe axis | 500 rpm | 1.025 | 7.2 y |
Pipe with fitting 45 degrees to the pipe axis | 720 rpm | 4.000 | 1.85 y |