Activated Biocarbons Obtained from Plant Biomass as Adsorbents of Heavy Metal Ions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Adsorption Experiments
2.3. Analytical Procedures
2.4. Electrokinetic Measurements
3. Results
3.1. Elemental Composition of the Precursors and Activated Biocarbons Prepared
3.2. Acidic-Basic Properties of the Activated Biocarbons Prepared from Waste Biomass
3.3. Textural Parameters and Morphology of the Activated Biocarbons Prepared from Waste Biomass
3.4. Adsorption of Cu(II) and Pb(II) Ions on the Activated Biocarbons Surface
3.5. Electrokinetic Properties of the Activated Biocarbons
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Ash | Cdaf 1 | Hdaf | Ndaf | Sdaf | Odiff 2 | Yield |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P | 0.5 | 46.1 | 5.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 48.3 | - |
S | 0.6 | 46.6 | 7.0 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 44.1 | - |
H | 6.8 | 44.9 | 5.6 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 45.0 | - |
PAC | 1.2 | 92.3 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 6.9 | 57 |
SAC | 2.3 | 93.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 4.9 | 49 |
HAC | 8.7 | 90.5 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 6.0 | 41 |
Sample | pH | Basic Groups Content [mmol/g] | Acidic Groups Content [mmol/g] | Total Content of Surface Groups [mmol/g] |
---|---|---|---|---|
PAC | 6.52 | 0.65 | 1.29 | 1.94 |
SAC | 6.88 | 0.67 | 0.46 | 1.13 |
HAC | 7.66 | 0.54 | 1.01 | 1.55 |
Sample | Surface Area [m2/g] | Total Pore Volume [cm3/g] | Micropore Contribution [%] | Average Pore Diameter [nm] |
---|---|---|---|---|
PAC | 2759 | 1.332 | 84 | 1.931 |
SAC | 1266 | 0.565 | 82 | 1.787 |
HAC | 955 | 0.705 | 61 | 2.954 |
Adsorbed Ions | Kinetic Parameters of Pseudo-First Order Model | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qe [mg/g] | k1 [1/Min] | R2 | |||||||
PAC | SAC | HAC | PAC | SAC | HAC | PAC | SAC | HAC | |
Pb(II) | 96.60 | 44.60 | 5.58 | 0.1199 | 0.1068 | 0.0308 | 0.7136 | 0.707 | 0.1664 |
Cu(II) | 156.05 | 76.24 | 46.17 | 0.1128 | 0.1202 | 0.1107 | 0.7300 | 0.7292 | 0.7067 |
Adsorbed Ions | Kinetic Parameters of Pseudo-Second Order Model | ||||||||
qe [mg/g] | k2 [g/(mg∙min)] | R2 | |||||||
PAC | SAC | HAC | PAC | SAC | HAC | PAC | SAC | HAC | |
Pb(II) | 166.66 | 105.26 | 100.00 | 0.00045 | 0.00053 | 0.00014 | 0.9877 | 0.9847 | 0.9807 |
Cu(II) | 181.81 | 144.92 | 111.11 | 0.00235 | 0.00035 | 0.00058 | 0.9999 | 0.9857 | 0.9883 |
Adsorbed Ions | Adsorption Parameters of Langmuir Model | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qm [mg/g] | KL [dm3/mg] | R2 | |||||||
PAC | SAC | HAC | PAC | SAC | HAC | PAC | SAC | HAC | |
Pb(II) | 235.77 | 231.25 | 174.65 | 0.01996 | 0.00123 | 0.00123 | 0.991 | 0.970 | 0.997 |
Cu(II) | 198.83 | 183.91 | 160.94 | 0.00033 | 0.00114 | 0.00115 | 0.994 | 0.965 | 0.993 |
Adsorbed Ions | Adsorption Parameters of Freundlich Model | ||||||||
n | KF [mg/g·(mg/dm3)1/n] | R2 | |||||||
PAC | SAC | HAC | PAC | SAC | HAC | PAC | SAC | HAC | |
Pb(II) | 0.678 | 0.669 | 0.606 | 0.00309 | 0.00713 | 0.00529 | 0.904 | 0.836 | 0.821 |
Cu(II) | 0.553 | 0.617 | 0.518 | 0.00177 | 0.00221 | 0.00275 | 0.643 | 0.829 | 0.880 |
Sample | C | N | O | S | Si | Cu | Pb |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PAC + Cu(II) | 90.4 | 0.0 | 7.2 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.5 | - |
SAC + Cu(II) | 89.1 | 1.5 | 8.1 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.3 | - |
HAC + Cu(II) | 80.5 | 1.6 | 12.6 | 1.3 | 3.5 | 0.5 | - |
PAC + Pb(II) | 91.8 | 0.4 | 7.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | - | 0.6 |
SAC + Pb(II) | 92.6 | 0.9 | 5.5 | 0.2 | 0.3 | - | 0.5 |
HAC + Pb(II) | 85.0 | 1.3 | 10.3 | 0.0 | 2.8 | - | 0.6 |
Sample | Species | Binding Energy [eV] | Relative Content [%] |
---|---|---|---|
PAC | Cu2O | 932.72 | 66.8 |
CuSO4 | 935.97 | 10.0 | |
CuO or Cu(OH)2 | 934.75 | 6.1 | |
SAC | Cu2O | 932.62 | 54.2 |
CuSO4 | 935.97 | 12.6 | |
CuO or Cu(OH)2 | 934.24 | 9.8 | |
HAC | Cu2O | 932.59 | 45.8 |
CuSO4 | 935.98 | 4.8 | |
CuO or Cu(OH)2 | 934.17 | 23.3 |
Sample | Species | Binding Energy [eV] | Relative Content [%] |
---|---|---|---|
PAC | PbO or Pb3O4 | 138.89 | 42.1 |
Pb(OH)2 | 143.72 | 43.1 | |
PbSO4 | 140.73 | 7.3 | |
Pb(NO3)2 | 145.56 | 7.5 | |
SAC | PbO or Pb3O4 | 138.82 | 42.1 |
Pb(OH)2 | 143.65 | 43.1 | |
PbSO4 | 140.23 | 7.3 | |
Pb(NO3)2 | 145.06 | 7.5 | |
HAC | PbO or Pb3O4 | 138.80 | 44.6 |
Pb(OH)2 | 143.63 | 45.6 | |
PbSO4 | 140.37 | 4.8 | |
Pb(NO3)2 | 145.20 | 4.9 |
Adsorbent | Maximum Adsorbed Amount [mg/g] | Reference |
---|---|---|
PAC | Pb(II) 178.1 mg/g Cu(II) 177.5 mg/g | [this study] |
Activated carbon obtained from Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn bark | Pb(II) 110.6 mg/g Cu(II) 28.9 mg/g | [30] |
Granular activated carbon derived from coconut shells | Pb(II) 10.8 mg/g Cu(II) 3.6 mg/g | [31] |
Peat | Pb(II) 118.7 mg/g Cu(II) 34.0 mg/g | [32] |
Chitosan-pyromellitic dianhydride modified rice straw biochar | Pb(II) 13.9 mg/g Cu(II) 96.1 mg/g | [33] |
Date seed biochar | Pb(II) 148.8 mg/g Cu(II) 26.7 mg/g | [34] |
Pepper stem biochar | Pb(II)~120 mg/g Cu(II)~45 mg/g | [35] |
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Wiśniewska, M.; Marciniak, M.; Gęca, M.; Herda, K.; Pietrzak, R.; Nowicki, P. Activated Biocarbons Obtained from Plant Biomass as Adsorbents of Heavy Metal Ions. Materials 2022, 15, 5856. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15175856
Wiśniewska M, Marciniak M, Gęca M, Herda K, Pietrzak R, Nowicki P. Activated Biocarbons Obtained from Plant Biomass as Adsorbents of Heavy Metal Ions. Materials. 2022; 15(17):5856. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15175856
Chicago/Turabian StyleWiśniewska, Małgorzata, Magdalena Marciniak, Marlena Gęca, Karolina Herda, Robert Pietrzak, and Piotr Nowicki. 2022. "Activated Biocarbons Obtained from Plant Biomass as Adsorbents of Heavy Metal Ions" Materials 15, no. 17: 5856. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15175856