A Comprehensive Study on the Rejuvenation Efficiency of Compound Rejuvenators for the Characterization of the Bituminous Binder, Mortar, and Mixture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Objective and Methodology
3. Materials and Characterization Tests
3.1. Raw Materials
3.2. Preparation of Aged Bitumen
3.3. Preparation of Self-Developed Compound Rejuvenators
3.4. Aggregate Gradation of Asphalt Mixtures
3.5. Characterization Methods
3.5.1. Conventional Tests
3.5.2. Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) Tests
3.5.3. Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) Test
3.5.4. Short-Term and Long-Term Aging Test
3.5.5. Performance Characterization Methods of Recycled Asphalt Mortar and Mixture
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Determining the Optimum Dosage of Compound Rejuvenator
4.2. Rejuvenation of Artificial-Aged Bitumen
4.2.1. Physical Properties
4.2.2. Viscous Properties
4.2.3. Low-Temperature Properties
4.2.4. Performance-Grade (PG)
4.2.5. Compatibility
4.2.6. Aging Properties
4.3. Rejuvenation of RAP-Aged Bitumen
4.3.1. Physical Properties
4.3.2. Aging Resistance of Rejuvenated RAP Bitumen
4.3.3. Compatibility Parameters of Rejuvenated RAP Bitumen
4.3.4. Low-Temperature Properties of Rejuvenated RAP Bitumen
4.3.5. Rutting Resistance and Performance-Grade of Rejuvenated RAP Bitumen
4.4. Recycling of Asphalt Mortar
4.5. Recycling of Asphalt Mixtures
4.5.1. Physical Properties of Recycled Asphalt Mixtures
4.5.2. Rutting and Moisture Damage Evaluation of Recycled Asphalt Mixtures
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The compound rejuvenators could rehabilitate the physical properties, workability, temperature sensitivity, and viscous behavior of artificial-aged bitumen to the virgin binder level. However, the ductility, viscosity, and workability parameters of various rejuvenated artificial-aged binders with the same penetration-grade were different. Based on high-and-low temperature properties and workability, the compound rejuvenators J4 and X3 were recommended to rejuvenate RAP-aged bitumen.
- (2)
- The restoration capacity of RJ-based rejuvenator on the high-and-low temperature performance-grade of aged bitumen was more significant due to the better compatibility. Moreover, the RX-based rejuvenator was beneficial in enhancing the viscidity, flexibility, low-temperature grade, and aging resistance of the rejuvenated bitumen.
- (3)
- Compared to compound rejuvenator J4, rejuvenator X3 exhibits better efficacy in improving the malleability, workability, and aging resistance of rejuvenated RAP-aged bitumen. In addition, the compatibility between the rejuvenator J4 and RAP aged bitumen was slightly superior to the rejuvenator X3.
- (4)
- The density and Marshall stability of recycled asphalt mortar rise with the increment in curing temperature and time. Moreover, the temperature and time of 150 °C and 120 min were optimized as the curing conditions for recycling of asphalt mixtures.
- (5)
- The relative density, saturation, and air-void parameters determined the optimum bitumen–aggregate ratio in recycled asphalt mixture as 4.8%. Moreover, the anti-rutting, structural stability, and moisture resistance of recycled asphalt mixtures were superior to the fresh ones, which further validated the rejuvenation efficiency of self-developed compound rejuvenators.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Ahmed, R.B.; Hossain, K. Waste cooking oil as an asphalt rejuvenator: A state-of-the-art review. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 230, 116985. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, J.; Amirkhanian, S.; Tang, B. Effects of rejuvenator on performance-based properties of rejuvenated asphalt binder and mixtures. Constr. Build. Mater. 2007, 21, 958–964. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ren, S.; Liu, X.; Wang, H.; Fan, W.; Erkens, S. Evaluation of rheological behaviors and anti-aging properties of recycled asphalts using low-viscosity asphalt and polymers. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 253, 120048. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, P.; Liu, X.; Apostolidis, P.; Erkens, S.; Ren, S.; Xu, S.; Scarps, T.; Huang, W. On the rejuvenator dosage optimization for aged SBS modified bitumen. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 271, 121913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, W.; Huang, B.; Shu, X. Influence of warm-mix asphalt technology and rejuvenator on performance of asphalt mixtures containing 50% reclaimed asphalt pavement. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 192, 191–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Im, S.; Zhou, F.; Lee, R.; Scullion, T. Impacts of rejuvenators on performance and engineering properties of asphalt mixtures containing recycled materials. Constr. Build. Mater. 2014, 53, 596–603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, P.; Kuang, Y.; Hu, X.; Zhang, X. A comprehensive evaluation of rejuvenator on mechanical properties, durability, and dynamic characteristics of artificially aged asphalt mixture. Materials 2018, 11, 1554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zaumanis, M.; Mallick, R.B.; Frank, R. Determining optimum rejuvenator dose for asphalt recycling based on Superpave performance grade specifications. Constr. Build. Mater. 2014, 69, 159–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Valdes, G.; Perez-Jimenez, F.; Miro, R.; Martinez, A.; Botella, R. Experimental study of recycled asphalt mixtures with high percentages of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). Constr. Build. Mater. 2011, 25, 1289–1297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, R.; You, Z.; Wang, H.; Ye, M.; Yap, Y.K.; Si, C. The impact of bio-oil as rejuvenator for aged asphalt binder. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 196, 134–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oldham, D.; Rajib, A.; Dandamudi, K.P.R.; Liu, Y.; Deng, S.; Fini, E.H. Transesterification of waste cooking oil to produce a sustainable rejuvenator for aged asphalt. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2021, 168, 105297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ziari, H.; Moniri, A.; Bahri, P.; Saghafi, Y. Evaluation of performance properties of 50% recycled asphalt mixtures using three types of rejuvenators. Pet. Sci. Technol. 2019, 37, 2355–2361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Munoz-Caceres, O.; Raposeiras, A.C.; Movilla-Quesada, D.; Castro-Fresno, D.; Lagos-Varas, M.; Andres-Valeri, V.C.; Valdes-Vidal, G. Mechanical performance of sustainable asphalt mixtures manufactured with copper slag and high percentages of reclaimed asphalt pavement. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 304, 124653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, Y.; Hu, W.; Polaczyk, P.A.; Han, B.; Xiao, R.; Zhang, M.; Huang, B. Rheological and aging characteristics of the recycled asphalt binders with different rejuvenator incorporation methods. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 262, 121249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fang, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Yang, J.; Li, X. Comprehensive review on the application of bio-rejuvenator in the regeneration of waste asphalt materials. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 295, 123631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guduru, G.; Kumara, C.; Gottumukkala, B.; Kuna, K.K. Effectiveness of different categories of rejuvenators in recycled asphalt mixtures. J. Transp. Eng. Part B Pavements 2021, 147, 04021006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cuciniello, G.; Mallegni, N.; Cappello, M.; Leandri, P.; Polacco, G.; Losa, M. Classification and selection of exhausted oils for rejuvenating bituminous blends. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 278, 122387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, W.; Guo, Y.; Zheng, Y.; Ding, Q.; Sun, C.; Yu, J.; Zhu, M.; Yu, H. Chemical and rheological characteristics of rejuvenated bitumen with typical rejuvenators. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 273, 121525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jacobs, G.; Margaritis, A.; Hernando, D.; He, L.; Blom, J.; van den bergh, W. Influence of soft binder and rejuvenator on the mechanical and chemical properties of bituminous binders. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 287, 125596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, M.; Liu, X.; Jiao, Y.; Tan, Y.; Luo, D. Rheological characterization of reversibility between aging and rejuvenation of common modified asphalt binders. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 301, 124077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suo, Z.; Yan, Q.; Ji, J.; Liu, X.; Chen, H.; Zhang, A. The aging behavior of reclaimed asphalt mixture with vegetable oil rejuvenators. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 299, 123811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bajaj, A.; Martin, A.E.; King, G.; Glover, C.; Kaseer, F.; Arambula-Mercado, E. Evaluation and classification of rejuvenators for asphalt binders. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 260, 119864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Behnood, A. Application of rejuvenators to improve the rheological and mechanical properties of asphalt binders and mixtures: A review. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 231, 171–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, P.; Cao, Z.; Chen, S.; Chen, C. Application of design-expert response surface methodology for the optimization of recycled asphalt mixture with waste engine oil. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 2021, 33, 04021075. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- AASHTO T240; Standard Method of Test for Effect of Heat and Air on a Moving Film of Asphalt (Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test). American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO): Suite, WA, USA, 2021.
- ASTM D5-06; Standard Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2017.
- ASTM D36-06; Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring and Ball Apparatus). ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2010.
- ASTM D113-99; Standard Test Method for Ductility of Bituminous Materials. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2010.
- ASTM D4124-01; Standard Test Methods for Separation of Asphalt into Four Fractions. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2010.
- JTG F41-2008; Technical Specification for Highway Asphalt Pavement Recycling. Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China: Beijing, China, 2008.
- Ahmed, R.B.; Hossain, K.; Aurilio, M.; Hajj, R. Effect of rejuvenator type and dosage on rheological properties of short-term aged binders. Mater. Struct. 2021, 54, 109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- AASHTO T316; Standard Method of Test for Viscosity Determination of Asphalt Binder Using Rotational Viscometer. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO): Suite, WA, USA, 2019.
- AASHTO T315; Standard Method of Test for Determining the Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binder Using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO): Suite, WA, USA, 2020.
- Ren, S.; Liu, X.; Li, M.; Fan, W.; Xu, J.; Erkens, S. Experimental characterization of viscoelastic behaviors, microstructure and thermal stability of CR/SBS modified asphalt with TOR. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 261, 120524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- AASHTO T313; Standard Method of Test for Determining the Flexural Creep Stiffness of Asphalt Binder Using the Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR). American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO): Suite, WA, USA, 2019.
- AASHTO R28; Standard Method of Test for Accelerated Aging of Asphalt Binder Using a Pressurized Aging Vessel (PAV). American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO): Suite, WA, USA, 2022.
- JTG E20-2011; Standard Test Methods of Bitumen and Bituminous Mixtures for Highway Engineering. Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China: Beijing, China, 2011.
- Ren, S.; Liu, X.; Zhang, Y.; Lin, P.; Apostolidis, P.; Erkens, S.; Li, M.; Xu, J. Multi-scale characterization of lignin modified bitumen using experimental and molecular dynamics simulation methods. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 287, 123058. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ren, S.; Liu, X.; Lin, P.; Gao, Y.; Erkens, S. Molecular dynamics simulation on bulk bitumen systems and its potential connections to macroscale performance: Review and discussion. Fuel 2022, 328, 125382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ren, S.; Liu, X.; Lin, P.; Erkens, S.; Xiao, Y. Chemo-physical characterization and molecular dynamics simulation of long-term aging behaviors of bitumen. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 302, 124437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Properties | Measured Value | Test Standards |
---|---|---|
25 °C Penetration (0.1 mm) | 67 | ASTM D5 [26] |
Softening point (°C) | 48.2 | ASTM D36 [27] |
10 °C Ductility (cm) | 84.8 | ASTM D113 [28] |
15 °C Ductility (cm) | >150 | |
Saturate (wt%) | 13.33 | ASTM D4124 [29] |
Aromatic (wt%) | 17.36 | |
Resin (wt%) | 39.71 | |
Asphaltene (wt%) | 29.60 |
Properties | Rejuvenator J | Rejuvenator X | |
---|---|---|---|
20 °C Density (kg·m−3) | 0.985 | 0.997 | |
60 °C Viscosity (Pa·s) | 0.137 | 0.219 | |
SARA analysis | Saturate S (wt/%) | 73.24 | 56.84 |
Aromatic A (wt/%) | 22.85 | 36.13 | |
Resin R (wt/%) | 3.64 | 6.96 | |
Asphaltene As (wt/%) | 0.27 | 0.07 | |
RTFOT aging | Mass change (wt/%) | −0.6 | −0.4 |
60 °C Viscosity-ratio | 1.01 | 1.25 |
Properties | RAP Bitumen | Air-Blowing Aged Bitumen | Test Standard |
---|---|---|---|
25 °C Penetration (0.1 mm) | 11 | 11 | ASTM D5 [26] |
Softening point (°C) | 77.6 | 78.6 | ASTM D36 [27] |
15 °C Ductility (cm) | 1.6 | 1.2 | ASTM D113 [28] |
Properties | R1 | R5 | R25 | R75 | R250 | R500 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
60 °C viscosity (mPa·s) | 50–175 | 176–900 | 901–4500 | 4501–12,500 | 12,501–37,500 | 37,501–60,000 |
TFOT viscosity ratio | ≤3 | ≤3 | ≤3 | ≤3 | ≤3 | ≤3 |
TFOT mass change (wt%) | ≤4, ≥−4 | ≤4, ≥−4 | ≤3, ≥−3 | ≤3, ≥−3 | ≤3, ≥−3 | ≤3, ≥−3 |
Rejuvenator Types | Viscosity Grade | Mass Percentage (wt%) | 60 °C Viscosity (mPa·s) | TFOT Aging | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AH-70 | Rejuvenator | Mass Loss (wt%) | Viscosity Ratio | |||
J1 | RA-1 | 20 | 80 | 148 | −2.1 | 1.05 |
J2 | RA-5 | 40 | 60 | 505 | −2.6 | 1.36 |
J3 | RA-25 | 60 | 40 | 2570 | −1.3 | 1.76 |
J4 | RA-75 | 70 | 30 | 6213 | −1.2 | 1.93 |
J5 | RA-250 | 80 | 20 | 21,380 | −0.7 | 2.05 |
J6 | RA-500 | 87 | 13 | 52,710 | −0.5 | 2.22 |
X1 | RA-5 | 18 | 82 | 515 | −0.86 | 1.33 |
X2 | RA-25 | 47 | 53 | 2811 | −0.54 | 1.35 |
X3 | RA-75 | 60 | 40 | 6463 | −0.14 | 1.62 |
X4 | RA-250 | 80 | 20 | 24,950 | −0.08 | 2.09 |
X5 | RA-500 | 85 | 15 | 53,020 | −0.19 | 2.28 |
RAP Aggregates | Passing Percentage (wt%) | Binder Content | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
16 | 13.2 | 9.5 | 4.75 | 2.36 | 1.18 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.13 | 0.075 | ||
0–5mm | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99.3 | 76 | 54 | 32.8 | 18.7 | 12.6 | 7.2 | 5.7% |
5–10mm | 100 | 100 | 93.5 | 39.5 | 22.5 | 16.1 | 10.6 | 6.3 | 4.1 | 2 | 3.7% |
10–15mm | 100 | 93 | 51 | 24.8 | 18.3 | 13.2 | 8.7 | 5.4 | 3.8 | 2.3 | 3.1% |
Bitumen Samples | J1RAB | J2RAB | J3RAB | J4RAB | J5RAB | J6RAB |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rejuvenator dosage (wt%) | 24 | 27 | 36 | 43 | 54 | 68 |
25 °C penetration (0.1 mm) | 73 | 63 | 65 | 66 | 69 | 70 |
Softening point (°C) | 50.5 | 51.3 | 52.2 | 50.8 | 49.7 | 48.1 |
15 °C ductility (cm) | 103.3 | 109.9 | 103.3 | 113 | 115.6 | 128.5 |
60 °C viscosity (Pa·s) | 437.5 | 335.8 | 591.3 | 501.0 | 420.5 | 310.3 |
Bitumen Samples | X1RAB | X2RAB | X3RAB | X4RAB | X5RAB | VB |
Rejuvenator dosage (wt%) | 26 | 36 | 43 | 60 | 69 | - |
25 °C penetration (0.1 mm) | 67 | 68 | 68 | 67 | 69 | 67 |
Softening point (°C) | 48.5 | 50.3 | 49.3 | 48.6 | 47.7 | 48.2 |
15 °C ductility (cm) | 109.8 | 108.2 | 126.6 | 150 | 150 | 150 |
60 °C viscosity (Pa·s) | 378.3 | 397.5 | 343.1 | 298.1 | 276.5 | 307.0 |
Samples | VB | J1RAB | J2RAB | J3RAB | J4RAB | J5RAB | J6RAB |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eη (kJ/mol) | 77.49 | 77.50 | 81.59 | 90.29 | 86.72 | 90.83 | 83.58 |
Samples | AB | X1RAB | X2RAB | X3RAB | X4RAB | X5RAB | - |
Eη (kJ/mol) | 115.98 | 79.46 | 80.09 | 80.45 | 79.47 | 79.43 | - |
Rejuvenated Binders | Complex Rejuvenators | Aged Bitumen | Rejuvenated Binders | G12 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
μ1 (Pa·s) | lgμ1 | x1 (wt%) | μ2 (Pa·s) | lgμ2 | x2 (wt%) | μ (Pa·s) | lgμ | ||
J1RAB | 0.147 | −0.83 | 24 | 25,800 | 4.41 | 76 | 437.5 | 2.64 | −2.807 |
J2RAB | 0.505 | −0.29 | 27 | 63 | 335.8 | 2.52 | −1.017 | ||
J3RAB | 2.570 | 0.41 | 36 | 64 | 591.3 | 2.77 | −0.865 | ||
J4RAB | 6.213 | 0.79 | 43 | 57 | 501.0 | 2.69 | −0.636 | ||
J5RAB | 21.38 | 1.33 | 54 | 46 | 420.5 | 2.62 | −0.498 | ||
J6RAB | 52.71 | 1.72 | 68 | 32 | 310.3 | 2.49 | −0.417 |
Rejuvenated Binders | Complex Rejuvenator | Aged Bitumen | Rejuvenated Binders | G12 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
μ1 (Pa·s) | lgμ1 |
x1 (wt%) | μ2 (Pa·s) | lgμ2 |
x2 (wt%) |
μ0 (Pa·s) | lgμ0 | ||
X1RAB | 0.515 | −0.28 | 26 | 25,800 | 4.41 | 74 | 397.5 | 2.59 | −3.068 |
X2RAB | 2.811 | 0.44 | 36 | 64 | 378.3 | 2.57 | −1.767 | ||
X3RAB | 6.463 | 0.81 | 43 | 57 | 343.1 | 2.54 | −1.337 | ||
X4RAB | 24.95 | 1.39 | 60 | 40 | 298.1 | 2.47 | −0.536 | ||
X5RAB | 53.02 | 1.72 | 69 | 31 | 276.5 | 2.44 | −0.541 |
Rejuvenator | Aged Bitumen | Rejuvenated Bitumen | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
μ1/Pa·s | lgμ1 | x1/% | μ2/Pa·s | lgμ2 | x2/% | μ0/Pa·s | lgμ0 | G12 | |
RB1 (J4) | 6.21 | 0.79 | 43 | 24,152 | 4.38 | 57 | 430.3 | 2.63 | −0.84 |
RB2 (X3) | 6.46 | 0.81 | 43 | 57 | 405.5 | 2.61 | −0.97 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Li, M.; Ren, S.; Liu, X.; Wu, Z.; Zhang, H.; Fan, W.; Lin, P.; Xu, J. A Comprehensive Study on the Rejuvenation Efficiency of Compound Rejuvenators for the Characterization of the Bituminous Binder, Mortar, and Mixture. Materials 2022, 15, 5458. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155458
Li M, Ren S, Liu X, Wu Z, Zhang H, Fan W, Lin P, Xu J. A Comprehensive Study on the Rejuvenation Efficiency of Compound Rejuvenators for the Characterization of the Bituminous Binder, Mortar, and Mixture. Materials. 2022; 15(15):5458. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155458
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Mingliang, Shisong Ren, Xueyan Liu, Zhe Wu, Haopeng Zhang, Weiyu Fan, Peng Lin, and Jian Xu. 2022. "A Comprehensive Study on the Rejuvenation Efficiency of Compound Rejuvenators for the Characterization of the Bituminous Binder, Mortar, and Mixture" Materials 15, no. 15: 5458. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155458