Effect of Alkali Salts on the Hydration Process of Belite Clinker
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Hydration Process
3.1.1. Initial Period
3.1.2. Induction Period
3.1.3. Acceleration Period
3.1.4. Deceleration Period
3.1.5. Final Slow Reaction Period
3.2. X-Ray Diffraction Analysis
3.2.1. BC
3.2.2. BC-CS
3.2.3. BC-NS
3.2.4. BC-NC
3.3. Differential Thermal Analysis
3.3.1. BC
3.3.2. BC-CS
3.3.3. BC-NS
3.3.4. BC-NC
3.4. SEM-EDS Analysis
4. Conclusions
- The initial stage of hydration in BC is affected by the absence of SO42−, which disables ettringite formation; thus, the aluminate phases hydrate very quickly, followed by the formation of stable aluminous phases, such as C4AH13. The amount of hydraulic nonactive γ-C2S remained almost unchanged throughout the hydration period (max. 28 days). The lowest amount of C–S–H phase formed for BC, in contrast to the others, after 48 h.
- The main effect of the activation of belite-rich clinker by CaSO4 was the earliest occurrence of ettringite compared to other activators. Moreover, the highest amount of portlandite was detected after 48 h.
- Na2SO4 showed the most noticeable modification of shape of the silicate peak compared to the other activators. Due to the presence of SO42, together with Na+, the formation of ettringite and ettringite-like structures was observed. BC-NS showed the greatest formation of C–S–H phase after 48 h, as well as the highest total weight loss.
- The silicate peak accelerated the most in the case of BC-NC due to the presence of CO32−, which has the highest dissolution enthalpy. Moreover, the absence of SO42− suppressed the formation of ettringite.
- Based on the measured data, the most appropriate alkaline activator is Na2SO4, where Na+ accelerates the reaction of hydration at the early stage; however, at the same time, SO42− can regulate the undesired fast setting reaction caused by C3A, leading to the formation of stable products.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Raw Mix | Chemical Composition (wt. %) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | Na2O | K2O | TiO2 | MgO | SO3 | |
69.2 | 19.5 | 5.7 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.3 |
Constituents (wt. %) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belite Clinker | Water | CaSO4·2H2O | Na2SO4 | Na2CO3 | |
BC | 66.6 | 33.3 | - | - | - |
BC-CS | 64.5 | 32.3 | 3.2 | - | - |
BC-NS | 64.9 | 32.4 | - | 2.7 | - |
BC-NC | 65.3 | 32.7 | - | - | 2.0 |
Weight Loss (wt. %) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C–S–H | Portlandite | Carbonates | Total wt. Loss | ||
Sample | Hydration Time | 0–400 °C | 400–500 °C | 500–1000 °C | 0–1000 °C |
BC | 0.5 | 1.325 | 0.150 | 0.688 | 2.21 |
9.5 | 1.961 | 0.357 | 0.839 | 3.20 | |
24.0 | 3.190 | 0.647 | 1.128 | 5.02 | |
48.0 | 4.089 | 0.754 | 1.544 | 6.43 | |
BC-CS | 0.5 | 1.63 | 0.106 | 0.272 | 2.06 |
9.5 | 3.14 | 0.378 | 0.565 | 4.12 | |
14.8 | 4.091 | 0.528 | 0.798 | 5.47 | |
24.0 | 4.904 | 0.688 | 0.716 | 6.36 | |
48.0 | 6.683 | 0.782 | 1.256 | 8.78 | |
BC-NC | 0.5 | 1.149 | 0.14 | 1.695 | 3.02 |
1.0 | 1.271 | 0.152 | 1.702 | 3.16 | |
6.5 | 4.62 | 0.275 | 2.518 | 7.52 | |
24.0 | 5.686 | 0.442 | 2.264 | 8.51 | |
48.0 | 6.612 | 0.694 | 2.859 | 10.23 | |
BC-NS | 0.5 | 1.166 | 0.037 | 0.58 | 1.81 |
4.0 | 1.424 | 0.078 | 0.716 | 2.26 | |
5.5 | 2.358 | 0.207 | 1.144 | 3.77 | |
24.0 | 5.309 | 0.377 | 1.788 | 7.56 | |
48.0 | 8.028 | 0.588 | 1.991 | 10.68 |
Element (at. %) | C | O | Na | Al | Si | S | Ca | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Point | ||||||||
#1 | 6.57 | 62.90 | - | 4.37 | 6.42 | - | 19.74 | |
#2 | 6.62 | 62.64 | - | 0.64 | 10.02 | 0.26 | 19.82 | |
#3 | 5.95 | 75.64 | - | 4.86 | 1.17 | 2.06 | 10.32 | |
#4 | 5.46 | 58.44 | 3.00 | 2.45 | 7.22 | 3.14 | 20.29 | |
#5 | 8.42 | 66.29 | 1.59 | 4.36 | 3.91 | - | 14.79 |
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Iliushchenko, V.; Kalina, L.; Sedlačík, M.; Cába, V.; Másilko, J.; Novotný, R. Effect of Alkali Salts on the Hydration Process of Belite Clinker. Materials 2022, 15, 3424. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103424
Iliushchenko V, Kalina L, Sedlačík M, Cába V, Másilko J, Novotný R. Effect of Alkali Salts on the Hydration Process of Belite Clinker. Materials. 2022; 15(10):3424. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103424
Chicago/Turabian StyleIliushchenko, Valeriia, Lukáš Kalina, Martin Sedlačík, Vladislav Cába, Jiří Másilko, and Radoslav Novotný. 2022. "Effect of Alkali Salts on the Hydration Process of Belite Clinker" Materials 15, no. 10: 3424. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103424