Effects of Various Types of Expandable Graphite and Blackcurrant Pomace on the Properties of Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Composites of Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams
2.3. Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physical Properties of Polyurethane Foams
3.2. FT-IR Analysis
3.3. Thermogravimetric Analysis
3.4. Thermophysical Properties
3.5. SEM Analysis of Brittle Fracture Surface of VEF Composites
3.6. Mechanical Properties of VEF Composites
3.7. Flammability of VEF Composites
3.7.1. Limiting Oxygen Index and UL94
3.7.2. MLC Analysis
3.7.3. Fire Growth Rate Index
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Trade Name | Component | Manufacturer |
---|---|---|
Daltocel F442 | polyetherol with functionality 3, hydroxyl number 42 mg KOH/g, ethoxy (EO) group content approximately 76% | Huntsman, TX, USA |
Daltocel F526 | polyetherol with functionality 3, hydroxyl number 126 mg KOH/g, molecular weight 1300 g/mol, EO group content over 70% | Huntsman, TX, USA |
Rokopol M1170 | polyetherol with functionality 3, hydroxyl number 35 mg KOH/g, EO group content over 50% | PCC Rokita SA, Brzeg Dolny, Poland |
Rokopol F3600 | polyetherol with functionality 3, hydroxyl number 48 mg KOH/g, molecular weight 3600 g/mol | PCC Rokita SA, Brzeg Dolny, Poland |
Ongronat 4040 | Isocyanate: a commercial mixture of mixture 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and o-(p-isocyanarobenzyl) phenylisocyanate and polyisocyanate polyphenylmethane, functionality 2, NCO groups content 32.4% | BorsodChem, Kazincbarcika, Hungary |
Jeffcat DPA | gelation catalyst: (N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)—N,N-diisopropanolamine) | Huntsman, TX, USA |
Jeffcat ZF10 | foaming catalyst: (N,N,N′-trimethylethyl-N′-hydroxyethyl-bisaminoethyl ether) | Huntsman, TX, USA |
Tegostab B4900 | surfactant: polyether modified polysiloxane, | Evonik Industries AG, Essen, Germany |
Symbol | Type | Minimum Carbon Content, [%] | Particle Size, [mm] | Expansion, [mL/g] | Maximum Volatile Matter Content, [%] | Bulk Density, [g/cm3] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EG S | EG 096 | 96 | 0–0.15 | 40–80 | <10 | ~0.62 |
EG L | EG 290 | 90 | 0.2–0.6 | 200–300 | <15 | ~0.64 |
EG X | EG 399 | 99 | 0.4–1.0 | 250–400 | <15 | ~0.70 |
Sample Symbol | Content in Polyol, php of Polyol | Content in Foam, wt. % | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EG | BCP | EG | BCP | Matrix | |||||
S | L | X | S | L | X | ||||
VEF | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100.00 |
VEFS3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 98.1 |
VEFS4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 97.5 |
VEFS5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 96.9 |
VEFS6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 96.3 |
VEFL5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.1 | 0 | 0 | 96.9 |
VEFL10 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.0 | 0 | 0 | 94.0 |
VEFL15 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.7 | 0 | 0 | 91.3 |
VEFX5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.1 | 0 | 96.9 |
VEFX10 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.0 | 0 | 94.0 |
VEFX15 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.7 | 0 | 91.3 |
VEFBCP30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16.0 | 84.0 |
VEFBCP30S6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 3.1 | 0 | 0 | 15.5 | 81.4 |
VEFBCP30L15 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 7.3 | 0 | 14.8 | 77.9 |
VEFBCP30X15 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 7.3 | 14.8 | 77.9 |
Sample Symbol | R | DPS | UA, [%] | UR, [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|
VEF | 1.02 | 0.50 | 38.2 | 61.8 |
VEFS6 | 1.44 | 0.59 | 42.8 | 57.2 |
VEFL15 | 1.24 | 0.55 | 45.2 | 54.8 |
VEFX15 | 1.03 | 0.51 | 45.6 | 54.4 |
VEFBCP30 | 1.22 | 0.54 | 44.6 | 55.4 |
VEFBCP30S6 | 1.58 | 0.61 | 48.4 | 51.6 |
VEFBCP30L15 | 1.81 | 0.64 | 48.9 | 51.1 |
VEFBCP30X15 | 1.99 | 0.67 | 49.1 | 50.9 |
Sample Symbol | m150, [%] | T5%, [°C] | Δm1, [%] | Tmax1, [°C] | Vmax1, [%/°C] | Δm2, [%] | Tmax2, [°C] | Vmax2, [%/°C] | Δm3, [%] | Tmax3, [°C] | Vmax3, [%/°C] | m600, [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VEF | 0.3 | 278 | 14.1 | 304 | 0.30 | 18.6 | 338 | 0.43 | 57.0 | 413 | 1.23 | 10.0 |
VEFS3 | 0.3 | 284 | 15.5 | 311 | 0.29 | 17.4 | 345 | 0.37 | 55.6 | 418 | 1.26 | 11.2 |
VEFS4 | 0.3 | 280 | 14.7 | 309 | 0.30 | 18.2 | 343 | 0.38 | 55.1 | 419 | 1.27 | 11.5 |
VEFS5 | 0.3 | 280 | 13.2 | 305 | 0.26 | 19.8 | 344 | 0.39 | 54.9 | 419 | 1.24 | 11.7 |
VEFS6 | 0.3 | 284 | 12.9 | 307 | 0.27 | 20.8 | 345 | 0.42 | 54.1 | 420 | 1.24 | 11.9 |
VEFL5 | 0.3 | 282 | 11.2 | 310 | 0.25 | 21.8 | 348 | 0.37 | 55.3 | 420 | 1.25 | 11.7 |
VEFL10 | 0.3 | 286 | 11.5 | 311 | 0.26 | 21.3 | 342 | 0.40 | 54.3 | 420 | 1.25 | 12.2 |
VEFL15 | 0.3 | 284 | 11.9 | * | * | 19.8 | 339 | 0.48 | 55.1 | 418 | 1.17 | 12.8 |
VEFX5 | 0.3 | 287 | 12.9 | 310 | 0.30 | 20.7 | 343 | 0.41 | 54.7 | 416 | 1.26 | 11.4 |
VEFX10 | 0.3 | 284 | 13.7 | * | * | 20.7 | 339 | 0.48 | 51.8 | 416 | 1.18 | 13.5 |
VEFX15 | 0.3 | 282 | 14.1 | * | * | 20.5 | 338 | 0.48 | 49.0 | 415 | 1.11 | 15.8 |
BCP | 5.8 | 127 | 21.7 | 289 | 0.34 | 16.1 | 334 | 0.38 | 31.8 | 407 | 0.36 | 24.5 |
VEFBCP30 | 1.6 | 252 | 14.3 | 302 | 0.28 | 20.3 | 340 | 0.40 | 45.2 | 418 | 1.01 | 12.7 |
VEFBCP30S6 | 1.7 | 259 | 13.8 | * | * | 20.1 | 342 | 0.38 | 46.3 | 420 | 0.97 | 14.2 |
VEFBCP30L15 | 1.7 | 249 | 13.5 | * | * | 20.6 | 331 | 0.41 | 45.5 | 416 | 0.96 | 15.6 |
VEFBCP30X15 | 1.4 | 253 | 13.3 | * | * | 21.2 | 335 | 0.42 | 43.2 | 417 | 0.91 | 17.9 |
Sample Symbol | Tg1 [°C] | Tg2 [°C] | Td1 [°C] | ΔHd1 [J/g] | Tg1′ [°C] | Tg2′ [°C] | Td1′ [°C] | ΔHd1′ [J/g] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VEF | −63.8 | - | 68.5 | 56.9 | −62.9 | - | 57.9 | 33.7 |
VEFS3 | −62.9 | - | 54.6 | 52.7 | −63.2 | - | 61.2 | 40.7 |
VEFS4 | −63.1 | - | 50.4 | 46.8 | −62.5 | - | 44.5 | 35.1 |
VEFS5 | −62.5 | - | 60.1 | 46.7 | −62.6 | - | 43.4 | 33.2 |
VEFS6 | −64.2 | - | 65.6 | 46.2 | −62.7 | - | 42.4 | 31.9 |
VEFL5 | −63.1 | −6.0 | 46.3 | 39.6 | −63.1 | −5.9 | 43.8 | 30.2 |
VEFL10 | −62.8 | −5.7 | 45.7 | 48.5 | −63.4 | −6.0 | 45.2 | 36.4 |
VEFL15 | −62.8 | −5.6 | 53.8 | 55.4 | −63.3 | −6.0 | 52.3 | 43.9 |
VEFX5 | −63.7 | −3.6 | 52.1 | 42.1 | −63.5 | −3.8 | 46.2 | 30.3 |
VEFX10 | −62.3 | −3.5 | 52.0 | 41.1 | −62.4 | −4.7 | 45.9 | 30.2 |
VEF X15 | −62.6 | −3.1 | 45.6 | 46.8 | −63.4 | −3.2 | 45.2 | 35.0 |
VEFBCP30 | −65.5 | - | 100.1 | 60.4 | −64.6 | - | 63.2 | 28.6 |
VEFBCP30S6 | −59.9 | - | 60.2 | 34.5 | −59.7 | - | 54.6 | 25.0 |
VEFBCP30L15 | −59.6 | - | 75.3 | 75.4 | −59.0 | - | 70.4 | 70.5 |
VEFBCP30X15 | −60.3 | - | 85.6 | 86.0 | −59.5 | - | 78.5 | 80.3 |
Sample Symbol | D, [kg/m3] | H, [kPa] | Cf | ε50, [%] | ε75, [%] | ε90, [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VEF | 39.7 ± 0.5 | 2.28 ± 0.11 | 2.09 ± 0.06 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 10.0 ± 3.5 | 85.2 ± 12.8 |
VEFS3 | 42.7 ± 0.6 | 2.34 ± 0.18 | 2.24 ± 0.08 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 12.5 ± 3.9 | 17.9 ± 3.6 |
VEFS4 | 43.3 ± 0.5 | 2.33 ± 0.11 | 1.98 ± 0.06 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 12.4 ± 0.3 |
VEFS5 | 43.7 ± 0.6 | 2.24 ± 0.10 | 2.23 ± 0.09 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 10.3 ± 0.6 |
VEFS6 | 43.9 ± 0.4 | 2.42 ± 0.13 | 2.11 ± 0.08 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 3.7 ± 0.4 |
VEFL5 | 44.4 ± 0.7 | 2.18 ± 0.08 | 2.26 ± 0.12 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 74.2 ± 5.6 |
VEFL10 | 47.1 ± 0.9 | 2.32 ± 0.13 | 2.23 ± 0.12 | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 10.3 ± 1.1 | 26.2 ± 4.5 |
VEFL15 | 48.9 ± 1.5 | 2.43 ± 0.12 | 2.24 ± 0.09 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 10.5 ± 1.5 | 8.0 ± 0.9 |
VEFX5 | 42.4 ± 0.9 | 2.19 ± 0.14 | 2.27 ± 0.08 | 5.9 ± 0.6 | 5.9 ± 0.9 | 8.9 ± 0.5 |
VEFX10 | 43.9 ± 0.8 | 2.29 ± 0.13 | 2.29 ± 0.09 | 4.9 ± 0.5 | 9.9 ± 1.5 | 86.7 ± 9.8 |
VEFX15 | 47.9 ± 0.6 | 2.46 ± 0.14 | 2.33 ± 0.07 | 4.2 ± 0.7 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 68.6 ± 7.5 |
VEFBCP30 | 52.2 ± 1.5 | 2.30 ± 0.18 | 2.60 ± 0.08 | 3.9 ± 0.5 | 6.2 ± 0.9 | 62.0 ± 7.2 |
VEFBCP30S6 | 54.8 ± 1.4 | 2.10 ± 0.19 | 2.66 ± 0.09 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 82.4 ± 0.3 |
VEFBCP30L15 | 57.5 ± 1.7 | 2.51 ± 0.17 | 2.59 ± 0.12 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 10.3 ± 0.6 |
VEFBCP30X15 | 57.1 ± 2.0 | 2.65 ± 0.19 | 2.65 ± 0.10 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 3.7 ± 0.4 |
Sample | LOI, [%] | UL 94 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flammability Class | Loss of Weight [%] | Burning Time 1 [s] | Burning Speed [mm/min] 2 | ||
VEF | 18.0 | HB75 | Burned | 103 | 43.5 |
VEFS4 | 19.0 | HB75 | Burned | 64 | 70.3 |
VEFL15 | 22.0 | HB40b | 18.3 | 10 | - |
VEFX15 | 23.6 | HB40b | 21.0 | 10 | - |
VEFBCP30 | 17.4 | HB75 | Burned | 70 | 64.3 |
VEFBCP30L15 | 23.7 | HB40b | 23.7 | 15 | - |
VEFBCP30X15 | 26.0 | HB40a | 21.3 | - | - |
Sample Symbol | TTI [s] | THR [MJ/m2] | PML [%] | MLR [g/s] | HRR [kW/m2] | HRRm [kW/m2] | THRRm [s] | EHC [MJ/kg] | FIGRA [kW/m2s] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VEF | 36 | 6.4 | 92.0 | 0.079 | 79.6 | 122.8 | 90 | 8.7 | 1.36 |
VEFS3 | 19 | 5.9 | 92.1 | 0.088 | 75.6 | 110.9 | 62 | 7.7 | 1.79 |
VEFS4 | 14 | 6.8 | 91.8 | 0.058 | 54.7 | 95.6 | 62 | 9.0 | 1.54 |
VEFS5 | 9 | 6.5 | 92.0 | 0.061 | 56.9 | 93.5 | 60 | 8.6 | 1.56 |
VEFS6 | 14 | 4.8 | 91.5 | 0.054 | 59.0 | 91.1 | 70 | 6.9 | 1.30 |
VEFL5 | 18 | 4.4 | 90.3 | 0.067 | 57.3 | 88.9 | 65 | 7.2 | 1.37 |
VEFL10 | 16 | 5.0 | 84.4 | 0.041 | 40.8 | 63.5 | 97 | 8.2 | 0.65 |
VEFL15 | 6 | 4.3 | 77.8 | 0.025 | 21.1 | 27.3 | 115 | 7.7 | 0.24 |
VEFX5 | 13 | 6.0 | 89.9 | 0.048 | 45.3 | 78.7 | 73 | 8.1 | 1.08 |
VEFX10 | 11 | 6.2 | 82.5 | 0.034 | 30.1 | 47.7 | 109 | 8.3 | 0.44 |
VEFX15 | 16 | 3.4 | 72.2 | 0.022 | 14.0 | 18.5 | 125 | 5.7 | 0.15 |
VEFBCP30 | 21 | 9.7 | 92.7 | 0.065 | 84.2 | 124.0 | 65 | 11.0 | 1.91 |
VEFBCP30S6 | 8 | 9.0 | 87.8 | 0.051 | 52.3 | 86.0 | 85 | 9.1 | 1.01 |
VEFBCP30L15 | 9 | 5.0 | 76.5 | 0.025 | 15.5 | 21.2 | 137 | 5.8 | 0.15 |
VEFBCP30X15 | 7 | 2.9 | 63.4 | 0.020 | 11.4 | 15.5 | 54 | 4.6 | 0.29 |
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Oliwa, R.; Ryszkowska, J.; Oleksy, M.; Auguścik-Królikowska, M.; Gzik, M.; Bartoń, J.; Budzik, G. Effects of Various Types of Expandable Graphite and Blackcurrant Pomace on the Properties of Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams. Materials 2021, 14, 1801. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071801
Oliwa R, Ryszkowska J, Oleksy M, Auguścik-Królikowska M, Gzik M, Bartoń J, Budzik G. Effects of Various Types of Expandable Graphite and Blackcurrant Pomace on the Properties of Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams. Materials. 2021; 14(7):1801. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071801
Chicago/Turabian StyleOliwa, Rafał, Joanna Ryszkowska, Mariusz Oleksy, Monika Auguścik-Królikowska, Małgorzata Gzik, Joanna Bartoń, and Grzegorz Budzik. 2021. "Effects of Various Types of Expandable Graphite and Blackcurrant Pomace on the Properties of Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams" Materials 14, no. 7: 1801. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071801