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Article

Experimental Investigation on Geopolymer Concrete with Various Sustainable Mineral Ashes

1
Department of Civil Engineering, University College of Engineering Nagercoil, Nagercoil 629004, India
2
Departamento de Ingeniería en Obras Civiles, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Ecuador 3659, Estación Central 7800002, Chile
3
Department of Civil Engineering, University VOC College of Engineering, Thoothukudi 628008, India
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Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 16273, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, Amran University, Amran 9677, Yemen
6
Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Polytechnic Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
8
Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Tecnologica Metropolitana, Santiago 1242, Chile
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2021, 14(24), 7596; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247596
Submission received: 28 October 2021 / Revised: 21 November 2021 / Accepted: 23 November 2021 / Published: 10 December 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)

Abstract

The aim of this research was to find the best alternative for river sand in concrete. In both geopolymer concrete (GPC) and cement concrete (CC), the fine aggregates are replaced with various sustainable mineral ashes, and mechanical and durability tests are conducted. Specimens for tests were made of M40 grade GPC and CC, with five different soil types as river sand substitute. The materials chosen to replace the river sand are manufactured sand (M-sand), sea sand, copper slag, quarry dust, and limestone sand as 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, respectively by weight. GPF50 and CC50 were kept as control mixes for GPC and CC, respectively. The test results of respective concretes are compared with the control mix results. From compressive strength results, M-sand as a fine aggregate had an increase in strength in every replacement level of GPC and CC. Additionally, copper slag is identified with a significant strength reduction in GPC and CC after 25% replacement. Copper slag, quarry dust, and limestone sand in GPC and CC resulted in considerable loss of strength in all replacement levels except for 25% replacement. The cost of GPC and CC is mixed with the selected fine aggregate replacement materials which arrived. Durability and cost analyses are performed for the advisable mixes and control mixes to have a comparison. Durability tests, namely, water absorption and acid tests and water permeability and thermal tests are conducted and discussed. Durability results also indicate a positive signal to mixes with M-sand. The advisable replacement of river sand with each alternative is discussed.
Keywords: geopolymer concrete; cement concrete; M-sand; sea sand; quarry dust; copper slag; lime stone powder geopolymer concrete; cement concrete; M-sand; sea sand; quarry dust; copper slag; lime stone powder

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MDPI and ACS Style

Subash, N.; Avudaiappan, S.; Adish Kumar, S.; Amran, M.; Vatin, N.; Fediuk, R.; Aepuru, R. Experimental Investigation on Geopolymer Concrete with Various Sustainable Mineral Ashes. Materials 2021, 14, 7596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247596

AMA Style

Subash N, Avudaiappan S, Adish Kumar S, Amran M, Vatin N, Fediuk R, Aepuru R. Experimental Investigation on Geopolymer Concrete with Various Sustainable Mineral Ashes. Materials. 2021; 14(24):7596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247596

Chicago/Turabian Style

Subash, Narayanan, Siva Avudaiappan, Somanathan Adish Kumar, Mugahed Amran, Nikolai Vatin, Roman Fediuk, and Radhamanohar Aepuru. 2021. "Experimental Investigation on Geopolymer Concrete with Various Sustainable Mineral Ashes" Materials 14, no. 24: 7596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247596

APA Style

Subash, N., Avudaiappan, S., Adish Kumar, S., Amran, M., Vatin, N., Fediuk, R., & Aepuru, R. (2021). Experimental Investigation on Geopolymer Concrete with Various Sustainable Mineral Ashes. Materials, 14(24), 7596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247596

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