Investigation of Adhesive Joining Strategies for the Application of a Multi-Material Light Rail Vehicle
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Single Lap Joint Tests to Characterise Different Adhesives
3. Test Results
3.1. Load-Displacement Curves
3.2. Failure Strength and Extension of Polyurethane Adhesive Joints with Respect to Bond Gap
3.3. Failure Strength and Extension of Epoxy Adhesive Joints with Respect to Bond Gap
3.4. Stiffness of the Joints
4. Vehicle Finite Element Model
5. Effect of Various Adhesives and Their Thicknesses on the Global Behavior
6. Conclusions
- For joints with polyurethane adhesive, the shear strength decreased significantly in terms of adhesive thickness. The joints with thick polyurethane adhesive experienced a relatively large shear deformation, leading to fracture and final failure. The shear strength of the joints with epoxy adhesive presented the highest value for a 1 mm bond, although the mechanical performance was far less sensitive to the bond gap compared to the polyurethane adhesive. At a high load, the aluminium substrates bonded with epoxy experience a large bending moment, leading to a concentrated peel stress at the interface, resulting in final fracture failure.
- The vehicle using epoxy adhesive behaved on average 10% stiffer than that using the polyurethane adhesive in sustaining torsional load; however, the torsional stiffness of the vehicle was largely not sensitive to the adhesive thickness; The vehicle with polyurethane adhesive had higher modal frequencies compared with that with epoxy adhesive, and the modal shapes also switched with increasing adhesive thickness.
- The polyurethane adhesive was more flexible and could bear large deformation, resulting in more energy absorption and a higher modal frequency. Therefore, the results indicated that an optimum thickness of approximately 1 mm of polyurethane adhesive is suggested for the current vehicle to optimise the structural performance. During the design phase of a vehicle, it is recommended that consideration be given to the effect of variation in fit-up during manufacturing, as this is likely to influence the vehicle’s vibrational response.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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Elastic Modulus (MPa) | Poisson’s Ratio | Density (kg/m3) | |
---|---|---|---|
Steel Aluminium Woven CFRP a | 210,000 | 0.29 | 7850 |
69,000 | 0.3 | 2700 | |
E1 = 76385 E2 = 69685 | 0.51 | 1400 | |
Phenolic foam core Plywood | 90 | 0.27 | 120 |
4500 | 0.2 | 700 | |
Sikaflex 265 adhesive [27] | 2.7 | 0.48 | 1200 |
DP490 adhesive [28] | 1442 | 0.38 | 1370 |
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Liu, Y.; Carnegie, C.; Ascroft, H.; Li, W.; Han, X.; Guo, H.; Hughes, D.J. Investigation of Adhesive Joining Strategies for the Application of a Multi-Material Light Rail Vehicle. Materials 2021, 14, 6991. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14226991
Liu Y, Carnegie C, Ascroft H, Li W, Han X, Guo H, Hughes DJ. Investigation of Adhesive Joining Strategies for the Application of a Multi-Material Light Rail Vehicle. Materials. 2021; 14(22):6991. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14226991
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yiding, Craig Carnegie, Helen Ascroft, Wenhao Li, Xiao Han, Hua Guo, and Darren J. Hughes. 2021. "Investigation of Adhesive Joining Strategies for the Application of a Multi-Material Light Rail Vehicle" Materials 14, no. 22: 6991. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14226991