Effect of Nanocellulose on the Properties of Cottonseed Protein Isolate as a Paper Strength Agent
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Nanocellulose
2.2.1. Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystals
2.2.2. Preparation of Cellulose Nanofibers
2.3. Paper Analysis
2.4. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
2.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.6. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
2.7. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
3. Results & Discussion
3.1. Characterization of Paper Samples
3.2. Paper Analysis
3.2.1. Paper Dry Strength Analysis
3.2.2. Paper Wet Strength Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Thickness (µm) | Weight Pick-Up (%) |
---|---|---|
Paper | 184.56 ± 14.02 a | 1.2 ± 2.0 a |
Paper & 0.2% CNF | 193.24 ± 13.59 a | 2.8 ± 1.7 a |
Paper & 1.0% CNC | 192.89 ± 18.69 a | 3.4 ± 2.5 a |
Paper & 10% CSP | 209.97 ± 23.89 b | 22.4 ± 6.2 b |
+0.2% CNF | 206.34 ± 18.51 b | 26.1 ± 4.6 b |
+1.0% CNC | 212.49 ± 20.92 b | 25.6 ± 7.5 b |
Sample | Tonset | Tmax | Char |
---|---|---|---|
CSP | 262.5 ± 0.5 | 307.2 ± 0.3 | 31.50 ± 0.41 |
Paper | 340.7 ± 0.7 b | 364.9 ± 1.2 b | 9.39 ± 0.31 b |
Paper & 0.2% CNF | 339.8 ± 0.1 b | 365.5 ± 1.0 b | 10.07 ± 0.54 b,c |
Paper & 1.0% CNC | 338.7 ± 0.1 b | 366.0 ± 0.0 b | 10.73 ± 0.02 c |
Paper & 10% CSP | 314.0 ± 2.1 c | 351.6 ± 1.6 c | 20.18 ± 0.69 |
+0.2% CNF | 311.7 ± 2.0 c,d | 350.3 ± 1.4 c,d | 22.20 ± 0.13 |
+1.0% CNC | 309.3 ± 2.5 d | 347.6 ± 2.5 d | 23.40 ± 0.80 |
Sample | Tensile Modulus | Tensile Strength | Elongation @ Break |
---|---|---|---|
(GPa) | (MPa) | (%) | |
Paper | 0.76 ± 0.15 a | 9.70 ± 2.13 a | 2.67 ± 0.20 a |
Paper & 0.2% CNF | 0.74 ± 0.14 a | 9.70 ± 1.56 a | 2.57 ± 0.52 a,b |
Paper & 1.0% CNC | 0.77 ± 0.13 a | 9.39 ± 1.21 a | 2.41 ± 0.22 a,c |
Paper & 10% CSP | 1.42 ± 0.27 b | 19.10 ± 1.47 bb | 2.30 ± 0.55 b,c,d |
+1.0% CNC | 1.69 ± 0.21 c | 22.06 ± 2.16 c | 2.13 ± 0.18 c |
+0.2% CNF | 1.65 ± 0.28 c | 23.34 ± 3.53 c | 2.57 ± 0.37 a,d |
Sample | Tensile Modulus (MPa) | Yield Strength (MPa) | Yield Strain (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Paper | 20.77 ± 3.81 a | 0.34 ± 0.10 a | 2.51 ± 0.87 a |
Paper & 0.2% CNF | 18.58 ± 3.36 a | 0.28 ± 0.12 a | 2.21 ± 0.89 a |
Paper & 1.0% CNC | 21.02 ± 4.46 a | 0.29 ± 0.10 a | 2.11 ± 0.99 a |
Paper & 10% CSP | 9.80 ± 1.95 b | 0.20 ± 0.04 b | 3.91 ± 1.00 b |
+0.2% CNF | 10.98 ± 1.35 b | 0.20 ± 0.04 b | 4.01 ± 1.06 b |
+1.0% CNC | 9.95 ± 1.42 b | 0.19 ± 0.05 b | 3.46 ± 0.91 b |
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Jordan, J.H.; Cheng, H.N.; Easson, M.W.; Yao, W.; Condon, B.D.; Gibb, B.C. Effect of Nanocellulose on the Properties of Cottonseed Protein Isolate as a Paper Strength Agent. Materials 2021, 14, 4128. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14154128
Jordan JH, Cheng HN, Easson MW, Yao W, Condon BD, Gibb BC. Effect of Nanocellulose on the Properties of Cottonseed Protein Isolate as a Paper Strength Agent. Materials. 2021; 14(15):4128. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14154128
Chicago/Turabian StyleJordan, Jacobs H., Huai N. Cheng, Michael W. Easson, Wei Yao, Brian D. Condon, and Bruce C. Gibb. 2021. "Effect of Nanocellulose on the Properties of Cottonseed Protein Isolate as a Paper Strength Agent" Materials 14, no. 15: 4128. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14154128