An Innovative Nanobody-Based High-Biocompatibility Gold Interdigitated Microelectrode Electrochemical Bioimpedance Sensor for the Ultrasensitive Detection of Difenacoum in Human Serum
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Apparatuses
2.2. Fabrication and Preparation of the Bioimpedance Sensor
2.2.1. Micro-Nanofabrication of Interdigitated Microelectrode (IDME)
2.2.2. Preparation of the Bioimpedance Sensor
2.3. Measurements of the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
2.4. Analysis of DIF (3-(3-Biphenyl-4-Yl-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-L-Naphthyl)-4-Hydroxycoumarin) in the Human Serum Samples
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Principle and Construction of the Sensor
3.2. Controlled Orientation-Growth of the Gold Nanofilms Electrode
3.3. Characteristic and Optimization of the Bioimpedance Sensor
3.4. Development of the Bioimpedance Sensor for DIF
3.5. Application of the Bioimpedance Sensor in Human Serum
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Method of Detection | Detection Results | Sample | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | UPLC–MS/MS a | LOD: 0.01 ng/mL, linear range: 0.1–100 ng/mL | Urine | [30] |
2 | LC–MS/MS b | LOD c: 0.2 ng/mL, linear range: 0.5–50 ng/mL | Blood | [31] |
3 | UHPLC–MS/MS d | LOQ e: 1.5–2.7 ng/g, linear range: 2.2–1111 ng/mL | Faeces | [32] |
4 | UPLC–QTrap-MS/MS f | LOD: 0.02 ng/mL, linear range: 0.1–100 ng/mL | Food | [33] |
5 | UPLC–MS/MS | LOD: 0.75–25 ng/g, linear range: 50−2500 ng/g | Liver | [34] |
6 | UPLC–MS/MS | LOD: 0.25 ng/mL, linear range: 1–2000 ng/mL | Blood | [35] |
7 | UHPLC g | LOQ: 0.2 ng/g, linear range: 0.2–150 ng/g | Liver | [36] |
8 | QNs–based LFIA h | LOD: 30.6–45.9 (ng/mL, ng/g), linear range: - | Serum, Urine, Wheat | [15] |
9 | EIS | LOD: 0.1 pg/mL, linear range: 0.1–1000 pg/mL | Serum | This study |
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Guo, L.; Wang, S.; He, Z.; Zhang, J.; Zhu, X.; Ke, Y.; Jiang, H.; Wang, Z. An Innovative Nanobody-Based High-Biocompatibility Gold Interdigitated Microelectrode Electrochemical Bioimpedance Sensor for the Ultrasensitive Detection of Difenacoum in Human Serum. Materials 2021, 14, 3930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143930
Guo L, Wang S, He Z, Zhang J, Zhu X, Ke Y, Jiang H, Wang Z. An Innovative Nanobody-Based High-Biocompatibility Gold Interdigitated Microelectrode Electrochemical Bioimpedance Sensor for the Ultrasensitive Detection of Difenacoum in Human Serum. Materials. 2021; 14(14):3930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143930
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Liuchuan, Sihan Wang, Zhiwei He, Jing Zhang, Xiaoli Zhu, Yuebin Ke, Haiyang Jiang, and Zhanhui Wang. 2021. "An Innovative Nanobody-Based High-Biocompatibility Gold Interdigitated Microelectrode Electrochemical Bioimpedance Sensor for the Ultrasensitive Detection of Difenacoum in Human Serum" Materials 14, no. 14: 3930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143930