Influence of Different Solvents and High-Electric-Field Cycling on Morphology and Ferroelectric Behavior of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Hexafluoropropylene) Films
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material Preparation
2.2. Structural Characterization
2.3. Electrical Characterization
3. Results
3.1. Structural Properties
3.2. High-Electric-Field D-E Characteristics
3.2.1. Breakdown Strength
3.2.2. Bipolar D-E Characteristics
3.3. Long-Term Stability of the BE Treated Samples
4. Discussion
- A shielding effect that prevents dipoles of existing polar phase from polarization reversal during the BE cycling;
- The formation of further polar phase from amorphous phase or via a crystalline phase transition;
- The reorientation of dipole moments and cooperative rotation of the chain axes in the existing polar phase.
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Solvent | Boiling Point in °C | Vapor Pressure at 20 °C in hPa | Density at 20 °C in g/cm3 |
---|---|---|---|
Acetone (HVS) | 56 | 244 | 0.79 |
MEK (HVS) | 80 | 105 | 0.81 |
DMF (LVS) | 153 | 3.77 | 0.95 |
NMP (LVS) | 202 | 0.32 | 1.03 |
Solvent | Temperature of Process Ta- ble in °C | Intensity of Infra-Red Lamp in % of 1 kW | Temperature of Convection Dryer in °C | Time When Samples Ap- pear Optically Dry in s | Total Dwell Time under IR-Lamp in min |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acetone (HVS) | 25 | 25 | 25 | 10 | 1 |
MEK (HVS) | 40 | 25 | 40 | 20 | 1 |
DMF (LVS) | 80 | 100 | 60 | 60 | 5 |
NMP (LVS) | 80 | 100 | 60 | 360 | 10 |
Solvent | Surface Rough- ness (RMS) in nm | Crystalline P(VdF) Phase | BDS in MV/m | Energy Density in MJ/m3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acetone (HVS) | 14 | α | 525 (±10%) | – |
MEK (HVS) | 12 | α | 405 (±10%) | 1.95 (±10%) |
DMF (LVS) | 22 | α + γ | 460 (±10%) | 1.78 (±10%) |
NMP (LVS) | 34 | α + γ | 435 (±10%) | – |
Solvent | I (840 cm−1)/I (795 cm−1) |
---|---|
Acetone (HVS) | 0.21 ± 0.01 |
MEK (HVS) | 0.24 ± 0.02 |
DMF (LVS) | 0.54 ± 0.06 |
NMP (LVS) | 0.72 ± 0.12 |
Solvent | Electrical Treatment | I (840 cm−1)/I (795 cm−1) |
---|---|---|
MEK (HVS) | virgin sample | 0.18 ± 0.02 |
after BE cycling (R2) | 0.21 ± 0.02 | |
DMF (LVS) | virgin sample | 0.53 ± 0.05 |
after BE cycling (R2) | 0.87 ± 0.13 |
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Mälzer, T.; Mathies, L.; Band, T.; Gorgas, R.; Leipner, H.S. Influence of Different Solvents and High-Electric-Field Cycling on Morphology and Ferroelectric Behavior of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Hexafluoropropylene) Films. Materials 2021, 14, 3884. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143884
Mälzer T, Mathies L, Band T, Gorgas R, Leipner HS. Influence of Different Solvents and High-Electric-Field Cycling on Morphology and Ferroelectric Behavior of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Hexafluoropropylene) Films. Materials. 2021; 14(14):3884. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143884
Chicago/Turabian StyleMälzer, Till, Lena Mathies, Tino Band, Robert Gorgas, and Hartmut S. Leipner. 2021. "Influence of Different Solvents and High-Electric-Field Cycling on Morphology and Ferroelectric Behavior of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Hexafluoropropylene) Films" Materials 14, no. 14: 3884. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143884