Applying Mixture of Municipal Incinerator Bottom Ash and Sewage Sludge Ash for Ceramic Tile Manufacturing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials
2.1. Raw Material Properties
2.2. SEM Images for Raw Materials
2.3. EDS Analysis
2.4. TCLP Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Atterberg Limits
3.2. Shrinkage
3.3. Weight Loss on Ignition
3.4. Specific Gravity
3.5. Water Absorption
3.6. Bending Strength
3.7. Wear Resistance
3.8. SEM Analysis
3.9. EDS Analysis
3.10. XRD Analysis
3.11. Si-NMR Analysis
3.12. Quality Classification
4. Conclusions
- The application of MIBA could reduce the shrinkage rate of floor tile specimens. On the other hand, due to the fact that the SSA contained SiO2, the use of SSA could increase the shrinkage rate of floor tile specimens within a kiln temperature of 1000–1050 °C. However, when kiln temperature reached 1150 °C, the glass phase surface formed, the tile bodies were expanded, and the shrinkage rate was reversed.
- Since a large amount of organic, non-organic matters, and heavy metals in MIBA were easily burned at high kiln temperatures, the weight loss on ignition of floor tile specimens increased with more MIBA. In contrast, a large amount of SiO2 in SSA could improve the melting temperature of tile specimens and was hard to be burnt out; the weight loss on ignition of tile specimens increased with more SSA.
- In general, the water absorption of tile specimens increased with increasing amounts of MIBA and SSA, but the water absorption reduced with the increasing kiln temperature. When the kiln temperature reached 1150 °C, the tile surface became vitreous and shiny, and it prevented water penetration, so that the water absorption was reduced to close zero.
- The bending strength of floor tile specimens reduced with more MIBA and SSA replacements. Moreover, the tile bending strength increased with increasing kiln temperature within the range of 1000–1100 °C and would achieve the maximum strength at 1100 °C. However, when the kiln temperature reached 1150 °C, foam was produced in the tile specimens and so forth, resulting in the reduction of bending strength.
- Tile wear increased with more MIBA replacement, while the tile wear decreased with more SSA replacement at kiln temperatures of 1000 and 1050 °C. The amount of wear increased first and then reduced with more SSA replacement at 1100 °C. However, when the kiln temperature reached 1150 °C, the amount of tile wear increased. The amount of tile wear for tile specimens increased with more SSA and MIBA replacements at 1150 °C.
- When the kiln temperature was considered as the main parameter, in general, the compactness of the tile body was improved by the increasing kiln temperature. At a kiln temperature of 1100 °C, the amount of pores increased with more MIBA and SSA replacements, and more pores were observed in the tile bodies from SEM images.
- The results obtained from Si-NMR analysis show that the peak values for Q4 became apparent with increasing kiln temperature. It suggests that the increase of kiln temperature helped Si atoms improve the development of the silicate structure. The values of Q4 after integration increased first and then reduced with increasing kiln temperature. The highest value of Q4 was obtained at 1100 °C. It suggests that the kiln temperature of 1100 °C helped improve the development of a SiO4 tetrahedral structure. This result conformed with that obtained from bending strength tests.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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Clay | MIBA | SSA | Standard * | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Specific gravity | 2.65 | 2.41 | 2.00 | CNS 5090 |
Unit weight (kg/m3) | 1251.83 | 1004.62 | 698.45 | CNS 1183 |
Pore ratio (%) | 52.84 | 58.33 | 65.14 | CNS 1163 |
Specific surface area (cm2/g) | 2562.48 | 1276.41 | 3441.27 | CNS 2924 |
Element | C | O | Na | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | K | Ca | Fe | Br | Zr | Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clay% | - | 49.5 | - | 10.2 | 27.2 | - | - | - | 3.43 | - | 4.25 | - | 5.47 | - |
MIBA% | 8.66 | 43.5 | 8.67 | - | 1.34 | 11.6 | 1.77 | 1.45 | - | 21.2 | - | 1.88 | - | - |
SSA% | - | 43 | - | 9.28 | 36.9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6.79 | 3.41 |
Element | Cu | Ba | Cd | As | Pb | Cr | Hg | Cr6+ | Se |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SSA(mg/L) | 4 | <0.2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
MIBA(mg/L) | 1.57 | 0.658 | <0.100 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Standard | ≤12.0 | ≤10.0 | ≤4.0 | ≤0.4 | ≤4.0 | ≤0.8 | ≤0.016 | ≤0.2 | ≤0.8 |
SSA% | Temperature | MIBA % | SiO2 | AlPO4 | CaSiO3 | MgSiO3 | Ca(Al2Si2O8) | K(AlSi3O8) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10% | 1000 °C | 0% | 47.1 | 1.3 | 5.6 | 18.0 | 16.8 | 11.3 |
10% | 51.9 | 1.7 | 5.7 | 17.7 | 16.1 | 6.8 | ||
20% | 40.7 | 0.5 | 6.3 | 27.6 | 19.6 | 5.2 | ||
1050 °C | 0% | 56.3 | 0.3 | 8.1 | 8.7 | 21.3 | 5.2 | |
10% | 53.4 | 1.2 | - | 26.1 | 19.3 | - | ||
20% | 42.9 | 1.0 | - | 16.7 | 33.7 | 5.8 | ||
1100 °C | 0% | 97.2 | 2.8 | - | - | - | - | |
10% | 62.0 | - | - | - | 38.0 | - | ||
20% | 51.3 | - | - | - | 48.7 | - | ||
1150 °C | 0% | 54.5 | 2.4 | - | 22.1 | 11.5 | 9.5 | |
10% | 45.1 | 0.4 | - | 30.9 | 15.9 | 7.7 | ||
20% | 33.9 | 16.5 | - | - | 49.6 | - | ||
20% | 1000 °C | 0% | 88.3 | 0.3 | 11.0 | 0.4 | - | - |
10% | 48.8 | 1.0 | 13.3 | 18.2 | 18.8 | - | ||
20% | 57.0 | 1.2 | - | - | 41.7 | - | ||
1050 °C | 0% | 87.3 | 0.9 | 8.6 | 3.2 | - | - | |
10% | 56.6 | 0.9 | 11.6 | 11.2 | 19.7 | - | ||
20% | 52.5 | 0.0 | - | 15.6 | 28.0 | 3.9 | ||
1100 °C | 0% | 66.9 | 1.2 | - | 19.2 | 12.8 | - | |
10% | 48.8 | 1.4 | - | 28.2 | 21.7 | - | ||
20% | 32.0 | 11.0 | 6.2 | 26.2 | 24.7 | - | ||
1150 °C | 0% | 55.8 | 1.0 | - | 24.7 | 18.5 | - | |
10% | 33.4 | - | - | 33.4 | 33.2 | - | ||
20% | 24.1 | 0.5 | 10.6 | 38.6 | 26.2 | - |
Material | Temperature (°C) | Judgment Criteria | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Interior Floor Tile | Exterior Floor Tile | Water Absorption (%) | |||||||||
Clay (%) | SSA (%) | MIBA (%) | Bending Strength | Size Shrinkage | Bending Strength | Size Shrinkage | Ia | Ib | II | III | |
100 | 0 | 0 | 1000 | ○ | × | × | × | × | × | × | ○ |
1050 | ○ | × | ○ | ○ | × | × | ○ | ○ | |||
1100 | ○ | × | ○ | × | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | |||
1150 | ○ | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | |||
95 | 0 | 5 | 1000 | ○ | × | × | × | × | × | × | ○ |
1050 | ○ | × | ○ | ○ | × | × | × | ○ | |||
1100 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | |||
1150 | ○ | × | ○ | ○ | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | |||
90 | 0 | 10 | 1000 | ○ | × | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ |
1050 | ○ | × | × | × | × | × | × | ○ | |||
1100 | ○ | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ | ○ | |||
1150 | ○ | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | |||
85 | 0 | 15 | 1000 | × | × | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ |
1050 | ○ | ○ | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ | |||
1100 | ○ | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ | ○ | |||
1150 | ○ | × | ○ | ○ | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | |||
90 | 10 | 0 | 1000 | ○ | × | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ |
1050 | ○ | × | ○ | × | × | × | × | ○ | |||
1100 | ○ | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ | ○ | |||
1150 | ○ | ○ | ○ | × | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | |||
85 | 10 | 5 | 1000 | ○ | × | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ |
1050 | ○ | × | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ | |||
1100 | ○ | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ | ○ | |||
1150 | ○ | × | × | ○ | × | ||||||
80 | 10 | 10 | 1000 | × | × | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ |
1050 | ○ | × | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ | |||
1100 | ○ | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ | ○ | |||
1150 | ○ | × | × | ○ | × | ||||||
75 | 10 | 15 | 1000 | × | × | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ |
1050 | ○ | × | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ | |||
1100 | ○ | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ | ○ | |||
1150 | ○ | × | × | ○ | × | × | ○ | ○ | |||
70 | 10 | 20 | 1000 | × | × | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ |
1050 | × | × | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ | |||
1100 | ○ | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ | ○ | |||
1150 | ○ | × | × | ○ | × | × | ○ | ○ | |||
80 | 20 | 0 | 1000 | ○ | × | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ |
1050 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | × | × | ○ | ○ | |||
1100 | ○ | × | ○ | × | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | |||
1150 | ○ | × | × | ○ | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | |||
75 | 20 | 5 | 1000 | ○ | × | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ |
1050 | ○ | × | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ | |||
1100 | ○ | ○ | ○ | × | × | × | ○ | ○ | |||
1150 | ○ | × | × | ○ | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | |||
70 | 20 | 10 | 1000 | × | × | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ |
1050 | ○ | × | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ | |||
1100 | ○ | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ | ○ | |||
1150 | ○ | × | × | ○ | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | |||
65 | 20 | 15 | 1000 | × | × | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ |
1050 | ○ | × | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ | |||
1100 | ○ | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ | ○ | |||
1150 | ○ | × | × | ○ | × | ||||||
60 | 20 | 20 | 1000 | × | × | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ |
1050 | × | × | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ | |||
1100 | ○ | × | ○ | × | × | × | ○ | ○ | |||
1150 | ○ | × | × | ○ | × |
Material | Temperature (°C) | Applications (Interior Floor Tile/Exterior Floor Tile) | Water Absorption (Ia, Ib, II, III) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clay (%) | SSA (%) | MIBA (%) | |||
100 | 0 | 0 | 1050 | Exterior floor tile | II, III |
1150 | Exterior floor tile | Ia, Ib, II, III | |||
95 | 0 | 5 | 1050 | Exterior floor tile | III |
1100 | Interior floor tile/Exterior floor tile | Ib, II, III | |||
1150 | Exterior floor tile | Ib, II, III | |||
90 | 0 | 10 | 1150 | Exterior floor tile | Ia, Ib, II, III |
85 | 0 | 15 | 1050 | Interior floor tile | III |
1150 | Exterior floor tile | Ib, II, III | |||
90 | 10 | 0 | 1150 | Interior floor tile | Ib, II, III |
80 | 20 | 0 | 1050 | Interior floor tile/Exterior floor tile | II, III |
75 | 20 | 5 | 1100 | Interior floor tile | II, III |
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Lin, D.-F.; Wang, W.-J.; Chen, C.-W.; Lin, K.-L. Applying Mixture of Municipal Incinerator Bottom Ash and Sewage Sludge Ash for Ceramic Tile Manufacturing. Materials 2021, 14, 3863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143863
Lin D-F, Wang W-J, Chen C-W, Lin K-L. Applying Mixture of Municipal Incinerator Bottom Ash and Sewage Sludge Ash for Ceramic Tile Manufacturing. Materials. 2021; 14(14):3863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143863
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Deng-Fong, Wei-Jhu Wang, Chia-Wen Chen, and Kuo-Liang Lin. 2021. "Applying Mixture of Municipal Incinerator Bottom Ash and Sewage Sludge Ash for Ceramic Tile Manufacturing" Materials 14, no. 14: 3863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143863
APA StyleLin, D.-F., Wang, W.-J., Chen, C.-W., & Lin, K.-L. (2021). Applying Mixture of Municipal Incinerator Bottom Ash and Sewage Sludge Ash for Ceramic Tile Manufacturing. Materials, 14(14), 3863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143863