Experimental Investigations of Micro-Meso Damage Evolution for a Co/WC-Type Tool Material with Application of Digital Image Correlation and Machine Learning
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Experiments
2.1. In-Situ μCT Equipment with an In-House-Designed Test Rig
2.2. Monotonic Tensile Loading and In-Situ Microtomography
2.3. Damage Distribution
2.4. Nano Hardness
2.5. Strain Maps Measured by Digital Image Correlation Technique
3. Tomographic Image Segmentation
3.1. Denoising Technique
3.2. Machine Learning: U-Net
3.3. Result Comparison of Different Image Segmentation Methods
4. Conclusions
- Samples that showed quasi-brittle behavior possess a global ultimate tensile strength of about 100–130 MPa higher than those with ductile behavior ( 630 MPa).
- Measured local strains with high values locate around large WC particles but not around diamonds.
- The debondings between the diamonds and the (Co-WC) matrix, including their connecting, are the primary damage mechanism for the composite with the quasi-brittle behavior since no WC debonding is observed in most cases, even though some WC particles are even larger than diamonds. One of the investigated samples showed debonding between an extraordinary large WC particle (recalculated diameter about 620 m, mean size 3–5 m) and the matrix, i.e., it is taken as happening by chance and not the general case.
- Concerning the quasi-brittle damage evolution, some short cracks are formed due to void/debonding connections. Such crack formation locates among particular diamond clusters: (i) with short distances among diamond inside these clusters; (ii) with short distances to other clusters. Local morphology-dependent fatal fracture located at a region with a high diamond concentration (12 vol.% detected on the fracture surface compared to global 5 vol.%). This high concentration can be caused by the local feature uncertainty of commercial samples.
- Nanoindentation results reveal that the WC phase should possess higher phase stress (coincidence with high strain) than the diamond phase.
- From local strain maps, high strain values around the large WC particles are observed in the matrix for the composite with quasi-brittle behavior. However, no similar strain pattern is presented around diamonds. It is expected that the WC particles possess very high stresses, causing high matrix deformation around them. This possibly sheds light on that WC phase burdens more stress than diamonds.
- The U-Net method in ML takes only about 40 min to segment more than 700 images, i.e., a great improvement of the time efficiency compared to the manual work. From the results of autonomous data handling processes, we realized that the detected WC volume in the CT images decreases with increasing scanning depth due to its fine size and the scattering of the X-ray energy.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Behavior | WC Phase | Diamond Phase | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
vol.% | Mean Size [m] | vol.% | Mean Size [m] | ||
I [49] | ductile | 5 | 3–5 | 5 | 90 |
II | quasi-brittle | 5 | 3–5 | 5 | 40–50 |
Phase | Young’s | Poisson’s | Thermal Expansion |
---|---|---|---|
Modulus [GPa] | Ratio [-] | Coefficient [1/K] | |
Diamond | 890 | 0.19 | 1.18 × 10−6 |
WC | 707 | 0.20 | 5.20 × 10−6 |
Co | 211 | 0.32 | 12.5 × 10−6 |
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Schneider, Y.; Zielke, R.; Xu, C.; Tayyab, M.; Weber, U.; Schmauder, S.; Tillmann, W. Experimental Investigations of Micro-Meso Damage Evolution for a Co/WC-Type Tool Material with Application of Digital Image Correlation and Machine Learning. Materials 2021, 14, 3562. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133562
Schneider Y, Zielke R, Xu C, Tayyab M, Weber U, Schmauder S, Tillmann W. Experimental Investigations of Micro-Meso Damage Evolution for a Co/WC-Type Tool Material with Application of Digital Image Correlation and Machine Learning. Materials. 2021; 14(13):3562. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133562
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchneider, Yanling, Reiner Zielke, Chensheng Xu, Muhammad Tayyab, Ulrich Weber, Siegfried Schmauder, and Wolfgang Tillmann. 2021. "Experimental Investigations of Micro-Meso Damage Evolution for a Co/WC-Type Tool Material with Application of Digital Image Correlation and Machine Learning" Materials 14, no. 13: 3562. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133562