Advances and Challenges in the Creation of Porous Metal Phosphonates
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Synthesis of Porous Metal Phosphonates
- (1)
- Layered metal phosphonates;
- (2)
- Phosphonate–metal organic frameworks;
- (3)
- Supramolecular templated porous metal phosphonates.
2.1. Layered Metal Phosphonates
2.2. MOFs–Phosphonates
2.3. Templated Porous Metal Phosphonates
3. Applications
3.1. Separation and Extraction
Metal Precursor | Phosphonic Linker | Synthesis | Application—Separation/Extraction | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Al(OsBu)3 | ATMP BHMT | Hydrothermal | Cu2+ adsorption and lyzozyme adsorption | [94] |
ZrOCl2 | ATMP | Precipitation | Cation exchange—divalent metal ions | [99] |
ZrCl4 | H3PMP BPMP | Hydrothermal | Adsorption and delivery of DNA | [101] |
ZrCl4 | PPA | Hydrothermal | Immobilized metal affinity chromatographic adsorbent for phosphopeptide enrichment | [104] |
MnCl2 | EDTMP | Hydrothermal | Cu2+ sorption and selective protein adsorption of Cyt–C over BSA | [100] |
SnCl4 | HEDP ATMP EDTMP | Hydrothermal | Radionuclide separation of Th4+ | [105] |
ZrOCl2 | BTP BDP BMP | Hydrothermal | Lanthanide and actinide separation | [108] |
ZrOCl2 | BDPA H3PO4 | Hydrothermal | Ion-exchange metal ions | [106] |
ZrOCl2 SnCl4 | BDPA H3PO4 | Hydrothermal | Actinides separation | [107] |
ZrCl4/Zr(OiPr)4 | ATMP | Hydrothermal | Lanthanides extraction | [109] |
3.2. Catalysis
Metal Precursor | Phosphonic Linker | Synthesis | Application—Catalysis | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
V(O)(i-PrO)3 | TPPhA | Non-hydrolytic condensation | Oxidation of benzylic alcohols | [81] |
Ti(SO4)2 | (1R, 2S)-(-)-2-P (1R, 2S)-(+)-2-P | Precipitation (Hydrothermal) | Enantioselective addition of benzaldehyde | [110] |
Ti(OiPr)4 | Polypeptide capped with phosphonic acid moiety | Non-hydrolytic condensation | Enantioselective hydration of styrene oxide | [111] |
ZrCl4 | HEDP | Precipitation/Hydrothermal | Solid-acid catalyst for synthesis of methyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-D-ribofuranoside | [112] |
SnCl4 | PEHMP | Precipitation/Hydrothermal | Oxidation of cyclohexanone to adipic acid in absence of peroxides | [116] |
FeCl3 | BTP | Precipitation/Hydrothermal | Transesterification for synthesis of biofuels | [115] |
SnCl4 | BTP | Precipitation/Hydrothermal | Synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines | [117] |
MoCl5 | BTP | Precipitation/Hydrothermal | Synthesis of benzimidazoles | [118] |
CoCl2 | DPTMP | Hydrothermal | Catalytic oxidation of methylene blue | [119] |
ZrOCl2 | HEDP ATMP EDTMP | Precipitation/Hydrothermal | Hydrolysis of ethyl acetate; esterification of acetic acid with ethanol and cyclohexanol | [114] |
ZrOCl2 | HEDP ATMP EDTMP | Precipitation/Hydrothermal | Cycloaddition of aziridnes and CO2 | [121] |
FeCl3 | HEDP | Precipitation/Hydrothermal | Oxidation of cyclohexanone to adipic acid | [120] |
3.3. Proton Conduction
Metal Phosphonate | Conductivity (S cm−1) | Activation Energy (eV) | References |
---|---|---|---|
ZnCO3·2Zn(OH)2 + BTP | 1.0 × 10−5 (at 98% RH, 25 °C) | 0.17 | [122] |
Mg(NO3)2 + H8ODTMP | 1.6 × 10−3 (at 100% RH, 19 °C) | 0.31 | [124] |
β-PCMOF-21/2 | 2.1 × 10−2 (at 90% RH, 85 °C) | 0.21 | [123] |
CoCa. n H2O (pellet) CoCa. n H2O (SC) | 1.55 × 10−5 (pellet) (at 95% RH, 25°C) 1.00 × 10−3 (SC) (at 95% RH, 25°C) | 0.98 (pellet) 0.90 (SC) | [126] |
MFM-500-Ni MFM-500-Co | 4.5 × 10−4 (at 98% RH, 25 °C) 4.4 × 10−5 (at 98% RH, 25 °C) | 0.43 | [125] |
UPG-2 | 5.7 × 10−4 (at 95% RH, 100 °C) | - | [65] |
4. Summary and Future Outlook
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mysore Ramesha, B.; Meynen, V. Advances and Challenges in the Creation of Porous Metal Phosphonates. Materials 2020, 13, 5366. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235366
Mysore Ramesha B, Meynen V. Advances and Challenges in the Creation of Porous Metal Phosphonates. Materials. 2020; 13(23):5366. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235366
Chicago/Turabian StyleMysore Ramesha, Bharadwaj, and Vera Meynen. 2020. "Advances and Challenges in the Creation of Porous Metal Phosphonates" Materials 13, no. 23: 5366. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235366