Influence of Controlled Cooling on Crystallinity of Poly(L-Lactic Acid) Scaffolds after Hydrolytic Degradation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Justification
1.2. Related Work
1.3. Objective
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Polymer
2.2. Manufacturing Process
2.3. Thermal Analysis of the Printing Process
2.4. Immersion Test
2.5. Crystallinity Measurements
3. Results
3.1. Manufacturing Process
3.2. Thermal Analysis of Manufacturing Process
3.3. Mass Loss of Scaffolds after the Immersion Test
3.4. Crystallinity Measurements
4. Discussion
4.1. Thermal Analysis of Manufacturing Process
4.2. Mass Loss of Scaffolds after Immersion Test
4.3. Crystallinity Measurements after Immersion
4.4. Relationship between 3D Printing Process Parameters and PLA Scaffold Degradation
5. Conclusions and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Symbol | Description |
PLA | Polylactic acid |
PLLA | Poly (L-lactide acid) |
FDM | Fused Deposition Modeling |
HBSS | Hank´s Base Solution |
AM | Additive Manufacturing |
CAD | Computer Aided Design |
PEEK | Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone |
PID | Proportional-Integrative-Derivative control |
SCF-NC | Scaffolds printed with No-Cooling |
SCF-C | Scaffolds printed with Cooling |
PE | Polyethylene |
TGA | Thermo Gravimetric Analysis |
FTIR | Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy |
DSC | Differential Scanning Calorimetry |
Crystallinity | |
Tg | Glass transition temperature |
Tm | Melting temperature |
ΔH | Heat of fusion |
ΔHo | Theoretical heat of fusion for 100% crystalline PLA |
ΔHS | Heat of fusion for sample |
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Material | Technique | Characterization Parameters | Ref |
---|---|---|---|
Poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PCLA) poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PDLGA) | Direct extrusion-based 3D printing |
| [28] |
Polycaprolactone (PCL) | Extrusion based cryogenic 3D printing (ECP) (−20 °C) and subsequent freeze-drying approaches |
| [29] |
Na2O–CaO–MgO–P2O5 Bioglass reinforced β-TCP | Inkjet 3D printing technology |
| [30] |
Polycaprolactone (PCL) | 3D-Bioplotter |
| [31] |
Polylactic acid (PLA)/ Polyethylene glycol (PEG)/ (nano hydroxyapatite (nHA)/Dexamethasone (Dex) | Fused deposition modeling (FDM) process |
| [32] |
Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone (PEEK) | Temperature control system into fused deposition modeling (FDM) process |
| [33] |
Polylactic acid (PLA) | Continuous heat transfer during fused deposition modeling (FDM) process |
| [34] |
Polylactic acid (PLA) | Fused deposition modeling (FDM) process |
| [14] |
Polycaprolactone (PCL) | BioExtruder Extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) |
| [35] |
Polylactic acid (PLA) | Fused deposition modeling (FDM) process |
| [36] |
Property | Value |
---|---|
Density (kg/m3) | 1.20–1.25 |
Melting Point (°C) | 190–220 |
Tensile Yield Strength (MPa) | 65.63 |
Flexural Strength (MPa) | 65.02 |
Flexural Modulus (MPa) | 2504.4 |
Glass Transition Temperature (°C) | 56–60 * |
Crystallization Temperature (°C) | 130–173 ** |
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Vazquez-Armendariz, J.; Tejeda-Alejandre, R.; Rodriguez-Garcia, A.; Vega-Cantu, Y.I.; Mendoza-Buenrostro, C.; Rodriguez, C.A. Influence of Controlled Cooling on Crystallinity of Poly(L-Lactic Acid) Scaffolds after Hydrolytic Degradation. Materials 2020, 13, 2943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13132943
Vazquez-Armendariz J, Tejeda-Alejandre R, Rodriguez-Garcia A, Vega-Cantu YI, Mendoza-Buenrostro C, Rodriguez CA. Influence of Controlled Cooling on Crystallinity of Poly(L-Lactic Acid) Scaffolds after Hydrolytic Degradation. Materials. 2020; 13(13):2943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13132943
Chicago/Turabian StyleVazquez-Armendariz, Javier, Raquel Tejeda-Alejandre, Aida Rodriguez-Garcia, Yadira I. Vega-Cantu, Christian Mendoza-Buenrostro, and Ciro A. Rodriguez. 2020. "Influence of Controlled Cooling on Crystallinity of Poly(L-Lactic Acid) Scaffolds after Hydrolytic Degradation" Materials 13, no. 13: 2943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13132943