An Experimental Study on Bubble Growth in Laponite RD as Thixotropic Yield Material
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Laponite RD
2.2. Experimental Apparatus and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Morphology and Pressure during Bubble Growth
3.1.1. The In-Hole Growth
3.1.2. The Major Bubble Growth
3.1.3. The Minor Bubble Growth
3.1.4. Calculation of Pressure at the Detachment Point of the Minor Bubble
3.2. Dimensionless Numbers
3.3. Analysis on Contacting Forces
4. Conclusions
- The growth process of the major bubble can be divided into three stages: in-hole growth, rapid vertical growth, and slow expansion. In the rapid vertical growth stage, dimensionless numbers We, Re, and Bi dominated, indicating that inertial force and yield stress were the major forces to bubble growth at this stage, and caused the major bubble to take the form of an inverted carrot. In the stage of slow growth, dimensionless numbers such as Bo, Ar, and Ca began to dominate, indicating that buoyancy mainly competed with viscous resistance, and the bubble developed into and t an inverted teardrop type. There was no obvious rapid growth stage of minor bubbles, and the growth rate of bubbles was much smaller than that of the major bubble. Furthermore, Bo, Ar, and Ca always dominated, and the competition of force was always dominated by the competition between buoyancy and viscous resistance. The shape was oblong. After the Laponite RD was disturbed by the major bubble, the yield stress dropped significantly, so subsequent minor bubbles were significantly smaller than the major bubble. As the Laponite RD concentration decreased, the yield stress also decreased, so it could be reasonably inferred that a lower Laponite RD concentration would result in smaller bubbles. On the contrary, a larger volume of bubbles was generated;
- The undisturbed Laponite RD exhibited “solid-like” characteristics and had a high yield stress, which was also why the growth pressure in the pores of the major bubble was much higher than that in the minor bubbles. The pressure during the growth phase of the bubble hole can be estimated using the relevant theory of fracture mechanics (Equation (2)). According to Equation (2), it can also be reasonably inferred that if the inner diameter of the gas injection needle were to increase, the peak pressure would decrease, the gas outlet flow rate would decrease, and the bubble expansion rate would decrease. If the inside diameter were to decrease, the opposite changes would occur. When the minor bubble grows, the Laponite RD showed “fluid” characteristics, the pressure accumulation in the minor bubble hole was mainly governed by hydrostatic pressure and capillary force, and the air pressure during the detachment was mainly governed by hydrostatic pressure, which can be estimated according to Equation (3);
- After the bubble cracked the sample, the main resistance to overcome was viscous force, whereas other resistance accounted for less than 5% of the total. During the growth of the minor bubble, in addition to the viscosity resistance, the surface tension and hydrostatic pressure had a non-negligible effect on the upward growth of the bubble. In the later stage of the bubble growth, the sum of the two still accounted for 10–20% of the total resistance.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Notation | |
a | bubble average acceleration (m/s2) |
Ar | Archimedes number (-) |
Bi | Bingham number (-) |
Bo | Bond number (-) |
CD | drag coefficient (-) |
Ca | capillary number (-) |
D0 | inner diameter of needle (m) |
Deff | equivalent diameter (m) |
FAM | inertial force (N) |
FB | buoyancy force (N) |
Fc | surface tension force (N) |
FD | viscous drag force (N) |
FGM | gas momentum force (N) |
FH | hydrostatic pressure force (N) |
FP | Young–Laplace force (N) |
g | gravitational acceleration (m/s2) |
G′ | shear modulus (Pa) |
H | height from needle tip to liquid surface (m) |
Hb | bubble height (m) |
K | consistency index (Pa·sn) |
K0 | lateral pressure coefficient (-) |
Kcr | critical stress intensity factor (Pa·m1/2) |
n | power law index (-) |
Pca | capillary pressure (Pa) |
Pcr | crack pressure (Pa) |
Pdet | pressure of bubble detachment (Pa) |
Pem | pressure of bubble emergence (Pa) |
Ph | hydrostatic pressure (Pa) |
Q | gas flow rate (m3/s) |
r0 | inner radius of needle (m) |
R0 | curvature radius of apex (m) |
Reff | equivalent radius (m) |
Re | Reynolds number (-) |
V | Possion’s ratio (-) |
vc | centroid velocity (m/s) |
VB | bubble volume (m3) |
We | Weber number (-) |
Greek | |
β | contact angle (degree) |
shear rate (s−1) | |
σ | surface tension coefficient (N/m) |
ρl | liquid density (kg/m3) |
ρg | gas density (kg/m3) |
ηc | characteristic viscosity (Pa·s) |
τy | yield stress (Pa) |
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28.81 | 2.835 | 0.3744 | 275 | 0.073 | 0.447 | 1020 |
Symbol | Name | Expression | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|
Reynolds number | Ratio of inertial force to viscous force | ||
Archimedes number | Ratio of buoyancy force to viscous force | ||
Bingham number | Ratio of yield stress to inertial force | ||
Bond number | Ratio of buoyancy force to surface tension | ||
Capillary number | Ratio of viscous force to surface tension | ||
Weber number | Ratio of inertial force to surface tension |
Symbol | Name | Expression |
---|---|---|
Buoyancy force | ||
Young–Laplace pressure force | ||
Gas momentum force | ||
Inertial force | ||
Hydrostatic force | ||
Surface tension force | ||
Viscous drag force |
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Zhang, Y.; Hu, M.; Zhou, Y. An Experimental Study on Bubble Growth in Laponite RD as Thixotropic Yield Material. Materials 2020, 13, 2887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13132887
Zhang Y, Hu M, Zhou Y. An Experimental Study on Bubble Growth in Laponite RD as Thixotropic Yield Material. Materials. 2020; 13(13):2887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13132887
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yiping, Mengxian Hu, and Yongchao Zhou. 2020. "An Experimental Study on Bubble Growth in Laponite RD as Thixotropic Yield Material" Materials 13, no. 13: 2887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13132887