Study of the Interfacial Interaction Performance of Branched Bonding Agents and CL-20
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of CL-20 Coated with Bonding Agents
2.3. Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Morphology of CL-20 and CL-20 Coated with Bonding Agents
3.2. The Adhesion Work and Interfacial Tension between CL-20 and the Bonding Agents
3.3. Interaction between CL-20 and the Bonding Agents Studied by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
3.4. Interaction between CL-20 and the Bonding Agents Studied by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Simpson, R.L.; Urtiew, P.A.; Ornellas, D.L.; Moody, G.L.; Scribner, K.J.; Hoffman, D.M. CL-20 performance exceeds that of HMX and its sensitivity is moderate. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 1997, 22, 249–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nair, U.R.; Sivabalan, R.; Gore, G.M.; Geetha, M.; Asthana, S.N.; Singh, H. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) and CL-20-based formulations (review). Combust. Explos. Shock Waves 2005, 41, 121–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nair, U.R.; Asthana, S.N.; Rao, A.S.; Gandhe, B.R. Advances in High Energy Materials (Review Paper). Def. Sci. J. 2010, 60, 137–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geetha, M.; Nair, U.R.; Sarwade, D.B.; Gore, G.M.; Asthana, S.N.; Singh, H. Studies on CL-20_ The most powerful high energy material. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2003, 73, 913–922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoffman, D.M. Fatigue of lx-14 and lx-19 plastic bonded explosives. J. Energy Mater. 2000, 18, 1–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bolton, O.; Simke, L.R.; Pagoria, P.F.; Matzger, A.J. High Power Explosive with Good Sensitivity: A 2:1 Cocrystal of CL-20: HMX. Cryst. Growth Des. 2012, 12, 4311–4314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bellerby, J.M.; Ch, K. Explosive-Binder Adhesion and Dewetting in Nitramine-filled Energetic Materials. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 1989, 14, 82–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, C.S.; Noble, P.N.; Youn, C.H.; Tarrant, D.; Gao, A. The Mechanism of Filler Reinforcement from Addition of Neutral Polymeric Bonding Agents to Energetic Polar Propellants. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 1992, 17, 51–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Doukkali, M.; Gauthier, E.; Patel, R.B.; Stepanov, V.; Hadim, H. Modifying the Wettability of Nitramine Explosives using Anionic, Cationic and Nonionic Surfactants. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2017, 42, 1185–1190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, Y.; Shu, Y.; Liu, N.; Lu, X.; Xu, M. Molecular dynamics simulations on ε-CL-20-based PBXs with added GAP and its derivative polymers. RSC Adv. 2018, 8, 4955–4962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hoss, D.J.; Mukherjee, S.; Boudouris, B.W.; Beaudoin, S.P. Energetic Microparticle Adhesion to Functionalized Surfaces. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2018, 43, 862–868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, C.S.; Youn, C.H.; Noble, P.N.; Gao, A. Development of neutral polymeric bonding agents for propellants with polar composites filled with organic nitramine crystals. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 1992, 17, 38–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deng, J.; Wang, X.; Li, G.; Luo, Y. Effect of Bonding Agent on the Mechanical Properties of GAP High-Energy Propellant. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2017, 42, 394–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, B.; Luo, Y.J.; Tan, H.M. Interactional Mechanism of the Interface Between CL-20 and Some Bonding Agents. Chin. J. Explos. Propellants 2005, 28, 23. [Google Scholar]
- Tang, H.X.; Liu, X.L. Action mechanism of special functional agents in composite solid propellant (Ⅳ)—Processability/mechanical properties. Guti Huojian Jishu (J. Solid Rocket Technol.) 2004, 27, 193–197. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, C.S. Filler Reinforcement of Polyurethane Binder Using a Neutral Polymeric Bonding Agent. Composites 1990, 23, 62. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, H.-S. Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Plastic Bonded Explosive Using Neutral Polymeric Bonding Agent. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 1999, 24, 96–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Landsem, E.; Jensen, T.L.; Kristensen, T.E.; Hansen, F.K.; Benneche, T.; Unneberg, E. Isocyanate-Free and Dual Curing of Smokeless Composite Rocket Propellants. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2013, 38, 75–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.L.; Liu, M.E.; Liu, W.Z.; Deng, J.R. Synthesis and Interfacial Adhesion Interaction of Borate Ester Bonding Agents Used for HTPB Propellants. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2016, 41, 814–821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.f.; Yu, C.; Liang, S.; Yao, W.s. Synthesis of Three Novel Laurylamine-Derived Long-Chain Alkyl Bonding Agents and Their Interactions with RDX. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2012, 37, 69–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Landsem, E.; Jensen, T.L.; Hansen, F.K.; Unneberg, E.; Kristensen, T.E. Neutral polymeric bonding agents (NPBA) and their use in smokeless composite rocket propellants based on HMX-GAP-BuNENA. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2012, 37, 581–591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Y.; Liu, Y.-F.; Shi, L.; Yang, W.; Yao, W.-S. Study on the Synthesis and Interfacial Interaction Performance of Novel Dodecylamine-Based Bonding Agents Used for Composite Solid Propellants. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2015, 40, 50–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, C.C.; Mackay, J.A.; Fréchet, J.M.J.; Szoka, F.C. Designing dendrimers for biological applications. Nat. Biotechnol. 2005, 23, 1517–1526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hedrick, J.L.; Magbitang, T.; Connor, E.F.; Glauser, T.; Volksen, W.; Hawker, C.J.; Lee, V.Y.; Miller, R.D. Application of Complex Macromolecular Architectures for Advanced Microelectronic Materials. Chem.-A Eur. J. 2002, 8, 3308–3319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chaudhury, M.K. Interfacial interaction between low-energy surfaces. Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep. 1996, 16, 97–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, F.; Ye, L.; Nie, F.; Liu, Y. Synthesis of boron-containing coupling agents and its effect on the interfacial bonding of fluoropolymer/TATB composite. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2007, 105, 777–782. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, J.X.; Yang, W.T.; Fang-Sheng, M.A.; Can-Qi, X.U.; Jia, Y.J.; Yang, L.X. Effect of RDX Particle Size on the Mechanical and Combustion Properties of Nitramine Gun Propellant. Chin. J. Energy Mater. 2017, 25, 706–711. [Google Scholar]
- Stöckelhuber, K.W.; Das, A.; Jurk, R.; Heinrich, G. Contribution of physico-chemical properties of interfaces on dispersibility, adhesion and flocculation of filler particles in rubber. Polymer 2010, 51, 1954–1963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- David, R.; Neumann, A.W. Contact Angle Patterns on Low-Energy Surfaces. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2014, 206, 46–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kingshott, P.; Griesser, H.J. Surfaces that resist bioadhesion. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1999, 4, 403–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qi, X.F.; Xie, W.X.; Yan, Q.L.; Liu, Q.; Liu, C. Interfacial Interaction Between NPBA and HMX. Acta Armamentarii 2017, 38, 1942–1949. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holtz, E.V.; Ornellas, D.; Foltz, M.F.; Clarkson, J.E. The Solubility of ϵ-CL-20 in Selected Materials. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 1994, 19, 206–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, Q.; Su, P.F.; Gao, H.X.; Wen, X.Y.; Pang, S.P.; Sun, C.H.; Gao, Z. Quanititative Determination of CL-20 Polymorphs by Mid-infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy. Chin. J. Energy Mater. 2016, 24, 503–508. [Google Scholar]
- Shanmugam, T.; Sivakumar, C.; Nasar, A.S. Hydroxyl-terminated Hyperbranched Aromatic Poly(ether-ester)s: Synthesis, Characterization, End-group Modification and Optical Properties. J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem. 2010, 46, 5414–5430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, B.F.; Luo, Y.J.; Tan, H.M. Interaction between HMX and Dendritic Bonding Agent. Chin. J. Explos. Propellants 2004, 27, 25–28. [Google Scholar]
- Fu, W.; Yang, H.; Chang, L.; Li, M.; Bala, H.; Yu, Q.; Zou, G. Preparation and characteristics of core–shell structure nickel/silica nanoparticles. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2005, 262, 71–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, B.F.; Luo, Y.J.; Tan, H.M. Study on Interaction between CL-20 and Dendritic Bonding Agent. Energy Mater. 2004, 12, 199–202. [Google Scholar]
Sample | f1(-CN) | f(-COO) | f(-OH) | Mn 2(g·mol−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CBPE-3,3 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 642 |
CBPE-4,4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 709 |
CBPE-5,5 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 776 |
CBPE-6,6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 1450 |
CBPE-8,8 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 1586 |
CBPE-10,10 | 10 | 10 | 2 | 1722 |
CBPE-3,6 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 684 |
CBPE-4,7 | 4 | 7 | 2 | 751 |
BPE-6 4 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 441 |
BPE-12 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 1053 |
Sample | θ (°) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Diiodomethane | Formamide | Ethylene Glycol | |
CL-20 | 26.9 | 34.3 | 43.4 |
CBPE-3,3 | 66.3 | 58.1 | 48.7 |
CBPE-4,4 | 58.3 | 49.4 | 40.6 |
CBPE-5,5 | 50.3 | 40.2 | 35.2 |
CBPE-6,6 | 40.1 | 36.5 | 30.0 |
CBPE-8,8 | 20.1 | 19.7 | 18.2 |
CBPE-10,10 | 10.5 | 12.9 | 10.2 |
CBPE-3,6 | 58.9 | 60.2 | 59.1 |
CBPE-4,7 | 50.3 | 54.1 | 50.3 |
BPE-6 | 68.1 | 73.0 | 59.0 |
BPE-12 | 65.3 | 55.6 | 49.2 |
TEA·BF3 | 68.5 | 53.4 | 49.8 |
Sample | |||
---|---|---|---|
CL-20 | 2.04 | 40.61 | 42.65 |
CBPE-3,3 | 9.00 | 25.00 | 34.00 |
CBPE-4,4 | 9.49 | 29.70 | 39.19 |
CBPE-5,5 | 9.12 | 34.46 | 43.58 |
CBPE-6,6 | 7.34 | 39.82 | 47.16 |
CBPE-8,8 | 6.35 | 48.30 | 54.65 |
CBPE-10,10 | 4.54 | 60.68 | 65.22 |
CBPE-3,6 | 3.53 | 29.49 | 33.02 |
CBPE-4,7 | 3.88 | 34.34 | 38.22 |
BPE-6 | 4.20 | 23.62 | 27.82 |
BPE-12 | 9.00 | 25.70 | 34.70 |
TEA·BF3 | 10.76 | 24.01 | 34.77 |
Sample | ||
---|---|---|
CBPE-3,3/CL-20 | 4.35 | 72.30 |
CBPE-4,4/CL-20 | 3.58 | 78.26 |
CBPE-5,5/CL-20 | 2.79 | 83.44 |
CBPE-6,6/CL-20 | 1.65 | 88.16 |
CBPE-8,8/CL-20 | 1.53 | 95.78 |
CBPE-10,10/CL-20 | 2.50 | 105.37 |
CBPE-3,6/CL-20 | 1.09 | 74.58 |
CBPE-4,7/CL-20 | 0.56 | 80.31 |
BPE-6/CL-20 | 2.67 | 67.80 |
BPE-12/CL-20 | 4.17 | 73.19 |
TEA·BF3/CL-20 | 5.60 | 71.82 |
Sample | τ (NO2) | ν(NO2) | ν(the ring) | ν(N-N) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CL-20 | 651 | 751 | 883,943,1049 | 1383 | 1295,1328 | 1590 |
CBPE-3,3/CL-20 | 651 | 751 | 883,943,1049 | 1383 | 1291,1325 | 1588 |
CBPE-4,4/CL-20 | 651 | 751 | 883,943,1049 | 1383 | 1287,1322 | 1586 |
CBPE-5,5/CL-20 | 651 | 751 | 883,943,1049 | 1383 | 1285,1320 | 1584 |
CBPE-6,6/CL-20 | 651 | 751 | 883,943,1049 | 1383 | 1281,1318 | 1582 |
CBPE-8,8/CL-20 | 651 | 751 | 883,943,1049 | 1383 | 1280,1317 | 1582 |
CBPE-10,10/CL-20 | 651 | 751 | 883,943,1049 | 1383 | 1278,1316 | 1581 |
CBPE-3,6/CL-20 | 651 | 751 | 883,943,1049 | 1383 | 1297,1330 | 1591 |
CBPE-4,7/CL-20 | 651 | 751 | 883,943,1049 | 1383 | 1298,1331 | 1592 |
TEA·BF3/CL-20 | 651 | 751 | 883,943,1049 | 1383 | 1295,1331 | 1592 |
Sample | Attribution of N Atom | Binding Energy (eV) | Content (%) | R (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CL-20 | -NO2 | 407.10 | 45.08 | 0 |
-N< | 401.95 | 54.92 | ||
CBPE-3,3/CL-20 | -NO2 | 406.80 | 38.21 | 18.51 |
-N< | 401.20 | 43.28 | ||
-CN | 399.20 | 18.51 | ||
CBPE-4,4/CL-20 | -NO2 | 406.74 | 37.98 | 19.91 |
-N< | 401.11 | 42.10 | ||
-CN | 398.62 | 19.91 | ||
CBPE-5,5/CL-20 | -NO2 | 406.64 | 39.13 | 24.19 |
-N< | 401.10 | 36.68 | ||
-CN | 399.57 | 24.19 | ||
CBPE-6,6/CL-20 | -NO2 | 406.55 | 38.29 | 34.20 |
-N< | 400.70 | 31.76 | ||
-CN | 399.10 | 34.20 | ||
CBPE-8,8/CL-20 | -NO2 | 406.50 | 38.44 | 34.86 |
-N< | 401.23 | 26.70 | ||
-CN | 399.60 | 34.86 | ||
CBPE-10,10/CL-20 | -NO2 | 406.00 | 37.27 | 41.04 |
-N< | 400.74 | 21.69 | ||
-CN | 399.20 | 41.04 | ||
CBPE-3,6/CL-20 | -NO2 | 407.19 | 37.68 | 19.78 |
-N< | 401.65 | 42.53 | ||
-CN | 400.15 | 19.78 | ||
CBPE-4,7/CL-20 | -NO2 | 407.22 | 34.37 | 22.95 |
-N< | 401.57 | 42.67 | ||
-CN | 400.12 | 22.95 | ||
TEA·BF3/CL-20 | -NO2 | 407.18 | 40.84 | 10.21 |
-N< | 401.43 | 48.94 | ||
-BF3-N- | 399.51 | 10.21 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zhao, Y.; Wang, X.; Li, X.; Luo, Y.; Li, G. Study of the Interfacial Interaction Performance of Branched Bonding Agents and CL-20. Materials 2019, 12, 1402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12091402
Zhao Y, Wang X, Li X, Luo Y, Li G. Study of the Interfacial Interaction Performance of Branched Bonding Agents and CL-20. Materials. 2019; 12(9):1402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12091402
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Yanmei, Xiaoqing Wang, Xiaomeng Li, Yunjun Luo, and Guoping Li. 2019. "Study of the Interfacial Interaction Performance of Branched Bonding Agents and CL-20" Materials 12, no. 9: 1402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12091402
APA StyleZhao, Y., Wang, X., Li, X., Luo, Y., & Li, G. (2019). Study of the Interfacial Interaction Performance of Branched Bonding Agents and CL-20. Materials, 12(9), 1402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12091402