Advantages of the Application of the Temper Bead Welding Technique During Wet Welding
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Welding Process
2.3. Examination Procedure
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. CTS Test
3.1.1. Microscopic Testing
3.1.2. Hardness Measurements
3.2. Temper Bead Welding Test
3.2.1. Macroscopic Testing
3.2.2. Microscopic Testing
3.2.3. Hardness Measurements
4. Conclusions
- S460ML thermo-mechanically rolled steel has high susceptibility to cold cracking in wet welding conditions using covered electrodes. The joints are characterized by high hardness (above the critical value of 380 HV10). There is also a lot of cracking in the HAZ.
- The TBW technique allows for reducing hardness in the HAZ of specimens made in the water environment. In comparison to the CTS test specimens, the hardness after TBW decreased by 63 HV10. The TBW technique could also reduce number of microcracks in comparison with the CTS test specimens.
- When the pitch between two beads increases, the hardness, grain size and the number of cracks decreases. However, TBW is ineffective for repairing cracks that occurred while the first bead was welded.
- From a weldability point of view, the best pitch for S460ML thermo-mechanically rolled steel welded underwater is above 75%. Above this pitch the hardness is lower than the critical value 380 HV10.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Mo | Ni | Cu | V | CeIIW * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S460ML in accordance with control analysis | 0.12 | 0.50 | 1.40 | 0.015 | 0.004 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.365 |
E 38 9 R 11 electrodes deposit in accordance with manufacturer data | 0.07 | 0.44 | 0.55 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | – | – | 0.05 | – | – |
Material | Re (MPa) | Rm (MPa) | A5 (%) |
---|---|---|---|
S460ML | 515 | 598 | 25 |
E 38 0 R 11 electrodes deposit | 503 | 538 | 26 |
Specimen No. | I (A) | U (V) | t (s) | Vsp (mm/s) | ql (kJ/mm) | I (A) | U (V) | t (s) | Vsp (mm/s) | ql (kJ/mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First Weld | Second Weld | |||||||||
1 | 188 | 23.0 | 18.8 | 3.99 | 1.08 | 188 | 23.8 | 14.9 | 5.03 | 0.89 |
2 | 188 | 23.8 | 18.5 | 4.06 | 1.10 | 180 | 26.0 | 14.7 | 5.14 | 0.91 |
3 | 188 | 22.5 | 19.5 | 3.85 | 1.10 | 184 | 24.3 | 18.9 | 3.95 | 1.12 |
4 | 188 | 22.8 | 12.8 | 5.86 | 0.73 | 184 | 25.0 | 18.0 | 4.16 | 1.11 |
5 | 180 | 25.2 | 17.5 | 4.28 | 1.07 | 192 | 21.8 | 15.4 | 4.87 | 0.86 |
6 | 184 | 24.3 | 16.5 | 4.55 | 0.98 | 188 | 23.5 | 19.3 | 3.88 | 1.14 |
Specimen No. | Pad Weld | I (A) | U (V) | T (s) | L (mm) | Vsp (mm/s) | ql (kJ/mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TBW1 | 1 | 192 | 25.5 | 17.6 | 121 | 6.88 | 0.71 |
2 | 204 | 29.0 | 17.0 | 125 | 7.35 | 0.80 | |
TBW2 | 1 | 188 | 27.5 | 16.1 | 130 | 8.07 | 0.64 |
2 | 204 | 30.5 | 14.9 | 125 | 8.39 | 0.74 | |
TBW3 | 1 | 188 | 27.3 | 18.9 | 136 | 7.20 | 0.71 |
2 | 208 | 27.5 | 16.8 | 130 | 7.74 | 0.74 | |
TBW4 | 1 | 188 | 26.3 | 17.0 | 115 | 6.76 | 0.73 |
2 | 205 | 27.3 | 14.7 | 120 | 8.13 | 0.70 | |
TBW5 | 1 | 188 | 27.3 | 17.9 | 147 | 8.21 | 0.62 |
2 | 205 | 28.0 | 13.3 | 92 | 6.92 | 0.84 |
Specimen No. | Hardness HV10 | ql (kJ/mm) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BM | HAZ | Weld | HAZ | BM | ||||||||||
Measurement point | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | |
1 | ||||||||||||||
First weld | 230 | 221 | 390 | 376 | 380 | 276 | 299 | 258 | 405 | 405 | 380 | 221 | 224 | 1.08 |
Second weld | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.89 |
2 | ||||||||||||||
First weld | 224 | 228 | 425 | 432 | 402 | 272 | 254 | 278 | 423 | 400 | 418 | 224 | 221 | 1.10 |
Second weld | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.91 |
3 | ||||||||||||||
First weld | 219 | 218 | 397 | 422 | 412 | 272 | 264 | 253 | 403 | 380 | 397 | 208 | 209 | 1.10 |
Second weld | 223 | 218 | 391 | 433 | 421 | 233 | 254 | 260 | 406 | 380 | 425 | 211 | 221 | 1.12 |
4 | ||||||||||||||
First weld | 204 | 222 | 377 | 397 | 380 | 292 | 281 | 285 | 400 | 400 | 421 | 208 | 232 | 0.73 |
Second weld | 230 | 217 | 411 | 417 | 427 | 254 | 240 | 239 | 392 | 389 | 405 | 218 | 209 | 1.11 |
5 | ||||||||||||||
First weld | 215 | 215 | 419 | 439 | 424 | 278 | 261 | 288 | 428 | 416 | 399 | 217 | 227 | 1.07 |
Second weld | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.86 |
6 | ||||||||||||||
First weld | 226 | 217 | 411 | 417 | 417 | 254 | 240 | 239 | 392 | 389 | 405 | 218 | 209 | 0.98 |
Second weld | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.14 |
Steel | CeIIW (%) | HV10max in HAZO | Hardness decrease in HAZO after TBW (pitch) | Fulfillment the criterion of EN-ISO 15614-1:2017 [36] (Lower than 380 HV10) |
---|---|---|---|---|
S355G10 + N | 0.385 | 429 | 67 (100%) | yes |
S460ML | 0.365 | 436 | 63 (100%) | yes |
S460N | 0.464 | 464 | 54 (87%) | no |
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Tomków, J.; Rogalski, G.; Fydrych, D.; Łabanowski, J. Advantages of the Application of the Temper Bead Welding Technique During Wet Welding. Materials 2019, 12, 915. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12060915
Tomków J, Rogalski G, Fydrych D, Łabanowski J. Advantages of the Application of the Temper Bead Welding Technique During Wet Welding. Materials. 2019; 12(6):915. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12060915
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomków, Jacek, Grzegorz Rogalski, Dariusz Fydrych, and Jerzy Łabanowski. 2019. "Advantages of the Application of the Temper Bead Welding Technique During Wet Welding" Materials 12, no. 6: 915. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12060915