Temperature Changes and SEM Effects of Three Different Implants-Abutment Connection during Debridement with Er:YAG Laser: An Ex Vivo Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples Collection
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Surgical Procedure
2.4. Study Groups
2.5. Measurement Procedure
2.6. Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Temperature Rise at Implant Level (P1 Thermocouple)
3.2. Temperature Rise at Abutment/Implant Level (P2 Thermocouple)
3.3. SEM Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The Er:YAG laser debridement of two-piece and one-piece implants did not exceed the implant temperature by 10 °C at 100 mJ/30 Hz and 50 mJ/30 Hz;
- One-piece implants heat up faster than two-piece implants during Er:YAG laser irradiation at the implant’s collar area;
- Based on SEM analysis, the cracks and melting that occurred on the surface of two-piece implants were more pronounced compared to one-piece implants with the ball type fixture (BTF) and fix type fixture (FTF);
- Debridement of one-piece implants with a ball type fixture using Er:YAG laser at 200 mJ/30 Hz or more should be avoided. However, our findings should also be confirmed in the human in vivo model and using the implants of various manufactures.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Groups | Handpiece | Distance (mm) | Energy (mJ) | Frequency (Hz) | Power (W) | Spot (mm) | Fluence (J/cm2) | Time (s) | Power Density (W/cm2) | Cooling (mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G1 | Laser-in-Handpiece | contact | 50 | 30 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 9.95 | 60 | 298.5 | 30 |
G2 | Laser-in-Handpiece | contact | 100 | 30 | 3 | 0.8 | 19.89 | 60 | 593.7 | 30 |
G3 | Laser-in-Handpiece | contact | 200 | 30 | 6 | 0.8 | 39.79 | 60 | 1193,7 | 30 |
G4 | Scaler | contact | - | 20 | 4 | 0.9 | - | 60 | - | 30 |
Study Groups | Thermocouple P1∆Ta (°C) IA (I) (Mean ± SD) | Thermocouple P1∆Ta (°C) FTF (I) (Mean ± SD) | Thermocouple P1∆Ta (°C) BTF (I) (Mean ± SD) | P Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 | 1.55 ± 0.55 | 1.07 ± 0.27 + | 0.86 ± 0.46 *+ | IA vs. FTF, BTF p < 0.05 FTF vs. BTF p > 0.05 |
Group 2 | 3.62 ± 0.74 * | 4.42 ± 0.38 * | 2.37 ± 1.37 + | IA, FTF vs. BTF p < 0.01 IA vs. FTF p > 0.05 |
Group 3 | 6.54 ± 0.96 * | 5.04 ± 0.96 *+ | 4.35 ± 0.54 *+ | IA vs. FTF, BTF p < 0.0004 FTF vs. BTF p > 0.05 |
Group 4 | 1.15 ± 0.54 | 1.57 ± 0.27 + | 2.43 ± 0.23 + | IA vs. FTF vs. BTF p < 0.05 |
P value | G1 vs. G2, G3 p < 0.0002 G4 vs. G2, G3 p < 0.0002 G1 vs.G4 p > 0.05 | G1 vs. G2, G3 p < 0.0002 G4 vs. G2, G3 p < 0.05 G1 vs. G4 p > 0.05 | G1 vs. G2, G3, G4 p < 0.0003 G2 vs. G3 p < 0.0002 G3 vs. G4 p < 0.0002 G2 vs. G4 p > 0.05 |
Study Groups | Thermocouple P2∆Ta (°C) IA (A) (Mean ± SD) | Thermocouple P2∆Ta (°C) FTF (A) (Mean ± SD) | Thermocouple P2∆Ta(°C) BTF (A) (Mean ± SD) | P Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 | 0.95 ± 0.55 * | 3.47 ± 0.27 *+ | 2.40 ± 0.35 + | IA vs. FTF vs. BTF p < 0.05 |
Group 2 | 2.55 ± 0.58 | 5.50 ± 0.89 *+ | 3.12 ± 0.74 + | FTF vs. IA, BTF p < 0.0002 FTF vs. BTF p < 0.0002 |
Group 3 | 5.86 ± 0.46 * | 7.62 ± 0.74 *+ | 10.67 ± 1.14 *+ | IA vs. FTF vs. BTF p < 0.05 |
Group 4 | 2.00 ± 0.89 | 2.13 ± 0.23 | 2.97 ± 0.27 + | BTF vs. IA, FTF p < 0.003 FTF vs. BTF p < 0.003 IA vs. FTF p > 0.05 |
P value | G1 vs. G2, G3, G4 p < 0.002 G2 vs. G3 p < 0.0002 G3 vs. G4 p < 0.0002 G2 vs. G4 p > 0.05 | G1 vs. G2 vs. G3 vs. G4 p < 0.0002 | G3 vs. G2, G4 p < 0.0002 G1 vs. G3 p < 0.0002 G1 vs. G2, G4 p > 0.05 G2 vs. G4 p > 0.05 |
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Matys, J.; Romeo, U.; Mroczka, K.; Grzech-Leśniak, K.; Dominiak, M. Temperature Changes and SEM Effects of Three Different Implants-Abutment Connection during Debridement with Er:YAG Laser: An Ex Vivo Study. Materials 2019, 12, 3748. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12223748
Matys J, Romeo U, Mroczka K, Grzech-Leśniak K, Dominiak M. Temperature Changes and SEM Effects of Three Different Implants-Abutment Connection during Debridement with Er:YAG Laser: An Ex Vivo Study. Materials. 2019; 12(22):3748. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12223748
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatys, Jacek, Umberto Romeo, Krzysztof Mroczka, Kinga Grzech-Leśniak, and Marzena Dominiak. 2019. "Temperature Changes and SEM Effects of Three Different Implants-Abutment Connection during Debridement with Er:YAG Laser: An Ex Vivo Study" Materials 12, no. 22: 3748. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12223748