The Effect of SBA-15 Surface Modification on the Process of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Adsorption: Modeling of Experimental Adsorption Isotherm Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Materials
2.2. Synthesis of SBA-15 Silica
2.3. Modification of Siliceous Adsorbents
2.4. Adsorption Studies
2.5. Adsorption Modeling
2.6. Characterization Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of the Adsorbents
3.2. Adsorption Studies
3.3. Estimation of Isotherm Parameters Using Linear Regression
3.4. Estimation of Isotherm Parameters Using Nonlinear Fitting Analysis
4. Conclusions
- The adsorption isotherms of 18β-GA onto silicas functionalized with APTMS, MAPTMS and AEAPTMS indicate the Langmuir-type adsorption, whereas sorbents that were modified with DMAPTMS show constant distribution of the adsorbate between the adsorbent and the solution regardless of silica type.
- The Dubinin–Astakhov, Dubinin–Radushkevich, and Redlich–Peterson equations described the best the process of 18β-GA adsorption onto SBA-15 and Aerosil® silicas functionalized with APTMS, MAPTMS, and AEAPTMS regardless of the method used for estimation of isotherm parameters (linear regression or nonlinear fitting analysis).
- Based on nonlinear fitting analysis (Dubinin–Astakhov model), it can be concluded that SBA-15 sorbent modified with APTMS, MAPTMS, and AEAPTMS is characterized by twice the adsorption capacity (202.8–237.3 mg/g) as compared to functionalized Aerosil® (118.2–144.2 mg/g).
- The process of 18β-GA adsorption onto SBA-15 and Aerosil® silicas that were modified with DMAPTMS is best described by the Freundlich model.
- The Temkin isotherm is not suitable for the description of 18β-GA adsorption onto any of the used sorbents, owing to low r2 values (linear regression) or high values of MPSD error function (nonlinear fitting analysis).
- The values of mean adsorption energy (Dubinin–Astakhov model) and analysis of FT-IR spectra revealed the chemical nature of interactions between 18β-GA and siliceous surface modified with APTMS, MAPTMS, and AEAPTMS, meanwhile the adsorption of 18β-GA onto silicas that were modified with DMAPTMS has a physical nature (Dubinin-Radushkevich model).
- Higher values of molar ratio of the adsorbate to the sorbent functional groups and a higher value of surface area-normalized adsorption capacity for modified Aerosil® silica demonstrate the better exploitation of adsorption sites of non-porous sorbent when compared to the SBA-15 sample.
- The obtained adsorbents (SBA-15-AP, SBA-15-MAP, and SBA-15-AEAP) were characterized by the adsorption efficiency of 80% at the conditions of the lowest initial 18β-GA concentration (120 mg/dm3). For modified colloidal silicas, the adsorption efficiency reached 64%. The obtained results indicate that the SBA-15 material modified with trialkoxysilanes containing various amine groups (apart from the sample modified using (N,N-dimethylaminopropyl)trimethoxysilane)) is quite good adsorbent for 18β-GA. Previous studies that were also conducted in 2-propanol revealed better adsorption efficiency exceeding 90% for adsorption of carboxylic acids onto the surface of SBA-15 silica modified with 3-aminopropyl groups. It should be noted that examined adsorbates, such as diflunisal [38], caffeic acid [48], rosmarinic acid [103], and sinapic acid [104], are characterized by a slightly lower molar mass as compared to 18β-GA.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
List of Abbreviations and Symbols
AEAPTMS | [3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl]trimethoxysilane |
Aer | Aerosil® (non-porous colloidal silica) |
APTMS | (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane |
aRP | constant of Redlich-Peterson isotherm (dm3β/mgβ) |
bT | Temkin constant related to the adsorption heat (J g/mol mg) |
BET | Brunauer-Emmett-Teller isotherm |
BJH | Barrett-Joyner-Halenda isotherm |
β | exponential constant of Redlich-Peterson isotherm |
18β-GA | 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid |
C0 | initial adsorbate concentration (mg/dm3) |
Ce | equilibrium adsorbate concentration (mg/dm3) |
Cs | solubility (mg/dm3) |
D-A | Dubinin-Astakhov isotherm |
D-R | Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm |
DMAPTMS | (N,N-dimethylaminopropyl)trimethoxysilane |
DTG | differential thermogravimetry |
Eads | efficiency of adsorption (%) |
EDA | adsorption energy calculated from Dubinin-Astakhov model (J/mol) |
EDR | adsorption energy calculated from Dubinin-Radushkevich model (J/mol) |
ε | Polanyi potential (J/mol) |
F | Freundlich isotherm |
IUPAC | International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry |
FT-IR | Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy |
KDA | constant of Dubinin-Astakhov isotherm related to the adsorption energy (molnDA/JnDA) |
KDR | constant of Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm related to the adsorption energy (mol2/J2) |
KF | Freundlich constant (mg1-1/ndm 3/n/g) |
KL | Langmuir constant (dm3/mg) |
KRP | constant of Redlich-Peterson isotherm (dm3/g) |
KT | Temkin binding constant (dm3/mg) |
L | Langmuir isotherm |
m | mass of adsorbent (g) |
MAPTMS | [3-(methylamino)propyl]trimethoxysilane |
M18β-GA | molar weight of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid molecule (g/mol) |
MPSD | Marquardt’s percent standard deviation |
nDA | heterogeneity factor of Dubinin-Astakhov isotherm |
nF | exponential constant of Freundlich equation |
nFG | number of functional groups (mol) |
nGA | number of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid molecules (mol) |
p/p0 | relative pressure |
Qads(max) | maximum adsorption capacity calculated from given isotherm model (mg/g) |
QDA(max) | maximum adsorption capacity calculated from Dubinin-Astakhov isotherm (mg/g) |
QDR(max) | maximum adsorption capacity calculated from Dubinin-Radushkevich equation (mg/g) |
Qe | amount of adsorbate in equilibrium solid state (mg/g) |
QFG | content of functional groups (mol/g) |
QL(max) | maximum adsorption capacity calculated from Langmuir equation (mg/g) |
QS(max) | surface area-normalized maximum adsorption capacity (mg/m2) |
R | gas constant (8.314 J/mol K) |
R-P | Redlich-Peterson isotherm |
r | correlation coefficient |
SBA-15 | Santa Barbara amorphous (silica) |
SBET | BET surface area (specific surface) (m2/g) |
STP | standard temperature and pressure |
T | absolute temperature (K) |
T | Temkin isotherm |
TEM | transmission electron microscopy |
TEOS | tetraethyl orthosilicate |
TG | thermogravimetry |
Vads N2 | volume of adsorbed nitrogen (cm3 STP/g) |
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Isotherm Model | Non-Linear Expression | Linear Transform | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Equation | ||||
Langmuir | (3) | (9) | ||
Freundlich | (4) | (10) | ||
Redlich-Peterson | (5) | (11) | ||
Temkin | (6) | (12) | ||
Dubinin-Radushkevich | (7) | (13) | ||
Dubinin-Astakhov | (8) | (14) |
Adsorbent | Modifying Agent | Amount of Functional Groups, QFG (mol/g) a | BET Surface Area (m2/g) | BJH Pore Volume (cm3/g) b | Pore Diameter (nm) b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SBA-15 | − | − | 770 | 0.96 | 5.8 |
SBA-15-AP | APTMS | 1.55 × 10−3 | 438 | 0.67 | 5.4 |
SBA-15-MAP | MAPTMS | 1.42 × 10−3 | 430 | 0.67 | 5.4 |
SBA-15-DMAP | DMAPTMS | 1.30 × 10−3 | 425 | 0.68 | 5.4 |
SBA-15-AEAP | AEAPTMS | 1.47 × 10−3 | 382 | 0.66 | 5.3 |
Aer | − | − | 181 | − | − |
Aer-AP | APTMS | 5.63 × 10−4 | 168 | − | − |
Aer-MAP | MAPTMS | 4.99 × 10−4 | 163 | − | − |
Aer-DMAP | DMAPTMS | 4.32 × 10−4 | 158 | − | − |
Aer-AEAP | AEAPTMS | 6.10 × 10−4 | 149 | − | − |
Adsorption model | Parameter | Adsorbent | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SBA-15-AP | SBA-15-MAP | SBA-15-DMAP | SBA-15-AEAP | ||
Langmuir | QL(max) (mg/g) | 169.5 | 151.5 | 61.0 | 178.6 |
KL (dm3/mg) | 2.745 × 10−3 | 2.794 × 10−3 | 3.072 × 10−4 | 2.384 × 10−3 | |
r2 | 0.9992 | 0.9970 | 0.9903 | 0.9993 | |
Freundlich | KF (mg1−1/ndm3/n/g) | 2.973 | 2.413 | 2.923 × 10−2 | 2.868 |
nF | 1.948 | 1.879 | 1.126 | 1.938 | |
r2 | 0.9440 | 0.9680 | 0.9941 | 0.9422 | |
Redlich−Peterson | KRP (dm3/g) | 0.488 | 0.479 | − | 0.441 |
aRP (dm3β/mgβ) | 6.698 × 10−3 | 1.581 × 10−2 | − | 4.144 × 10−3 | |
β | 0.883 | 0.778 | − | 0.931 | |
r2 | 0.9993 | 0.9978 | − | 0.9949 | |
Temkin | KT (dm3/mg) | 3.765 × 10−2 | 3.032 × 10−2 | 4.372 × 10−3 | 3.571 × 10−2 |
bT (J g/mol mg) | 72.74 | 72.42 | 157.1 | 72.93 | |
r2 | 0.9839 | 0.9659 | 0.8247 | 0.9883 | |
Dubinin–Radushkevich | QDR(max) (mg/g) | 286.3 | 272.9 | 98.4 | 284.6 |
KDR (mol2/J2) | 8.110 × 10−9 | 8.369 × 10−9 | 1.616 × 10−8 | 8.209 × 10−9 | |
EDR (kJ/mol) | 7.85 | 7.73 | 5.56 | 7.80 | |
r2 | 0.9901 | 0.9971 | 0.9703 | 0.9891 | |
Dubinin–Astakhov | QDA(max) (mg/g) | 210.4 | 237.9 | − | 203.0 |
KDA (molnDA/JnDA) | 5.462 × 10−12 | 6.442 × 10−10 | − | 2.030 × 10−12 | |
nDA | 2.733 | 2.257 | − | 2.834 | |
EDA (kJ/mol) | 9.34 | 8.35 | − | 9.45 | |
r2 | 0.9988 | 0.9982 | − | 0.9996 |
Adsorption model | Parameter | Adsorbent | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aer-AP | Aer-MAP | Aer-DMAP | Aer-AEAP | ||
Langmuir | QL(max) (mg/g) | 89.3 | 84.0 | − | 89.3 |
KL (dm3/mg) | 2.822 × 10−3 | 2.663 × 10−3 | − | 2.046 × 10−3 | |
r2 | 0.9952 | 0.9910 | − | 0.9949 | |
Freundlich | KF (mg1−1/ndm3/n/g) | 2.179 | 1.767 | 1.606 x 10−2 | 1.362 |
nF | 2.152 | 2.058 | 1.101 | 1.924 | |
r2 | 0.9533 | 0.9730 | 0.9840 | 0.9772 | |
Redlich−Peterson | KRP (dm3/g) | 0.288 | 0.284 | − | 0.221 |
aRP (dm3β/mgβ) | 1.250 × 10−2 | 2.345 × 10−2 | − | 1.691 × 10−2 | |
β | 0.820 | 0.744 | − | 0.748 | |
r2 | 0.9987 | 0.9982 | − | 0.9992 | |
Temkin | KT (dm3/mg) | 2.942 × 10−2 | 2.294 × 10−2 | − | 1.851 × 10−2 |
bT (J g/mol mg) | 128.3 | 124.9 | − | 116.6 | |
r2 | 0.9870 | 0.9731 | − | 0.9703 | |
Dubinin−Radushkevich | QDR(max) (mg/g) | 144.9 | 141.7 | 65.0 | 149.8 |
KDR (mol2/J2) | 7.809 × 10−9 | 8.169 × 10−9 | 1.648 × 10−8 | 8.828 × 10−9 | |
EDR (kJ/mol) | 8.00 | 7.82 | 5.51 | 7.53 | |
r2 | 0.9940 | 0.9980 | 0.9376 | 0.9993 | |
Dubinin−Astakhov | QDA(max) (mg/g) | 118.2 | 134.0 | − | 144.3 |
KDA (molnDA/JnDA) | 4.273 × 10−11 | 2.622 × 10−9 | − | 4.375 × 10−9 | |
nDA | 2.525 | 2.114 | − | 2.071 | |
EDA (kJ/mol) | 9.04 | 8.11 | − | 7.69 | |
r2 | 0.9987 | 0.9982 | − | 0.9994 |
Adsorption model | Parameter | Adsorbent | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SBA-15-AP | SBA-15-MAP | SBA-15-DMAP | SBA-15-AEAP | ||
Langmuir | QL(max) (mg/g) | 183.7 | 176.7 | 227.3 | 182.0 |
KL (dm3/mg) | 2.357 × 10−3 | 2.033 × 10−3 | 6.453 × 10−5 | 2.278 × 10−3 | |
MPSD | 4.66 | 10.53 | 11.98 | 4.03 | |
Freundlich | KF (mg1−1/ndm3/n/g) | 2.634 | 2.268 | 2.921 x 10−2 | 2.479 |
nF | 1.918 | 1.867 | 1.128 | 1.895 | |
MPSD | 23.15 | 18.15 | 9.36 | 23.45 | |
Redlich−Peterson | KRP (dm3/g) | 0.471 | 0.468 | 3.971 | 0.446 |
aRP (dm3β/mgβ) | 5.068 ×10−3 | 1.412 × 10−2 | 135.1 | 4.516 × 10−3 | |
β | 0.914 | 0.790 | 0.113 | 0.922 | |
MPSD | 2.72 | 5.01 | 9.87 | 2.11 | |
Temkin | KT (dm3/mg) | 5.728 × 10−2 | 5.412 × 10−2 | − | 5.193 × 10−2 |
bT (J g/mol mg) | 91.96 | 99.00 | − | 89.23 | |
MPSD | 22.22 | 24.26 | − | 19.16 | |
Dubinin-Radushkevich | QDR(max) (mg/g) | 282.9 | 271.5 | 97.0 | 282.0 |
KDR (mol2/J2) | 8.107 × 10−9 | 8.358 × 10−9 | 1.654 × 10−8 | 8.234 × 10−9 | |
EDR (kJ/mol) | 7.85 | 7.73 | 5.50 | 7.79 | |
MPSD | 9.74 | 5.30 | 20.62 | 10.16 | |
Dubinin−Astakhov | QDA(max) (mg/g) | 210.3 | 237.3 | − | 202.8 |
KDA (molnDA/JnDA) | 5.448 × 10−12 | 6.414 × 10−10 | − | 2.035 × 10−12 | |
nDA | 2.733 | 2.257 | − | 2.834 | |
EDA (kJ/mol) | 9.35 | 8.37 | − | 9.44 | |
MPSD | 3.58 | 4.33 | − | 1.99 |
Adsorption model | Parameter | Adsorbent | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aer-AP | Aer-MAP | Aer-DMAP | Aer-AEAP | ||
Langmuir | QL(max) (mg/g) | 99.6 | 98.1 | − | 104.1 |
KL (dm3/mg) | 2.191 × 10−3 | 1.835 × 10−3 | − | 1.468 × 10−3 | |
MPSD | 7.47 | 11.28 | − | 10.26 | |
Freundlich | KF (mg1−1/ndm3/n/g) | 2.011 | 1.705 | 1.380 × 10−2 | 1.295 |
nF | 2.125 | 2.052 | 1.081 | 1.908 | |
MPSD | 17.73 | 13.93 | 15.21 | 13.33 | |
Redlich−Peterson | KRP (dm3/g) | 0.269 | 0.269 | 3.910 | 0.219 |
aRP (dm3β/mgβ) | 8.902 × 10−3 | 1.916 × 10−2 | 282.5 | 1.629 × 10−2 | |
β | 0.853 | 0.762 | 0.075 | 0.751 | |
MPSD | 3.59 | 4.65 | 16.04 | 2.82 | |
Temkin | KT (dm3/mg) | 4.093 × 10−2 | 3.689 × 10−2 | − | 3.117 × 10−2 |
bT (J g/mol mg) | 148.7 | 154.9 | − | 150.1 | |
MPSD | 14.43 | 17.03 | − | 18.60 | |
Dubinin–Radushkevich | QDR(max) (mg/g) | 144.2 | 141.4 | 64.0 | 149.6 |
KDR (mol2/J2) | 7.806 × 10−9 | 8.159 × 10−9 | 1.740 × 10−8 | 8.825 × 10−9 | |
EDR (kJ/mol) | 8.00 | 7.83 | 5.36 | 7.53 | |
MPSD | 6.31 | 3.70 | 28.55 | 2.29 | |
Dubinin–Astakhov | QDA(max) (mg/g) | 118.2 | 133.7 | - | 144.2 |
KDA (molnDA/JnDA) | 4.282 × 10−11 | 2.628 × 10−9 | - | 4.363 × 10−9 | |
nDA | 2.525 | 2.114 | - | 2.071 | |
EDA (kJ/mol) | 9.03 | 8.10 | - | 7.70 | |
MPSD | 3.03 | 3.65 | - | 2.27 |
Adsorbent | Fitting | |
---|---|---|
Linear Regression | Nonlinear Analysis | |
SBA-15-AP | R-P ≈ L ≈ D-A ≈ D-R > T > F | R-P ≈ D-A ≈ L > D-R > T ≈ F |
SBA-15-MAP | D-A ≈ R-P ≈ D-R ≈ L > F ≈ T | D-A ≈ R-P ≈ D-R > L > F > T |
SBA-15-DMAP | F > L > D-R > T | F ≈ R-P > L > D-R |
SBA-15-AEAP | D-A ≈ L ≈ R-P > D-R ≈ T > F | D-A ≈ R-P ≈ L > D-R > T > F |
Aer-AP | D-A > R-P ≈ L ≈ D-R > T > F | D-A ≈ R-P > D-R ≈ L > T > F |
Aer-MAP | D-A = R-P ≈ D-R ≈ L > T ≈ F | D-A ≈ D-R ≈ R-P > L > F > T |
Aer-DMAP | F > D-R | F ≈ R-P > D-R |
Aer-AEAP | D-A ≈ D-R ≈ R-P ≈ L > F ≈ T | D-A ≈ D-R ≈ R-P > L > F > T |
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Moritz, M.; Geszke-Moritz, M. The Effect of SBA-15 Surface Modification on the Process of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Adsorption: Modeling of Experimental Adsorption Isotherm Data. Materials 2019, 12, 3671. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12223671
Moritz M, Geszke-Moritz M. The Effect of SBA-15 Surface Modification on the Process of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Adsorption: Modeling of Experimental Adsorption Isotherm Data. Materials. 2019; 12(22):3671. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12223671
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoritz, Michał, and Małgorzata Geszke-Moritz. 2019. "The Effect of SBA-15 Surface Modification on the Process of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Adsorption: Modeling of Experimental Adsorption Isotherm Data" Materials 12, no. 22: 3671. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12223671