The Effect of New Thiophene-Derived Diphenyl Aminophosphonates on Growth of Terrestrial Plants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Aminophosphonates 1–6
2.1.1. General Information
2.1.2. Procedure for Preparation of Diphenyl Amino(2-thienyl)methylphosphonates 1–6
2.2. Plant Growth Test of Aminophosphonates 1–6
2.3. Pigment Assay
2.4. Determination of Herbicidal Activity
2.5. Microtox® Toxicity Assay
2.6. Ostracod Test Kit
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Preparation of Thiophene-Derived Aminophosphonates 1–6
3.2. Growth Inhibition of Shoot Height, Root Length, and Fresh Matter
3.2.1. Yield (Fresh Matter) and Shoot Height Changes
3.2.2. Root Length Changes
3.3. Germination of Seeds
3.4. Values EC50, NOEC, LOEC
3.4.1. EC50Values for Fresh Matter and Shoot Height
3.4.2. EC50 Values for Root Length
3.4.3. NOEC and LOEC Values
3.5. Pigment Assay
3.5.1. Changes of Total Chlorophyll Content
3.5.2. Changes of Carotenoids Content
3.6. Weed Test
3.6.1. Growth Inhibition of Shoot Height
3.6.2. EC50 for Shoot Height
3.6.3. EWRC Rating Scale
3.7. Microtox® Toxicity Assay
3.8. Ostracod Test Kit
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound Concentration (mg/kg s.d.w.) | Inhibition Biomarkers (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fresh matter | ||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
100 | −0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | −0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.4 |
200 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | −0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.2 |
400 | 5.0 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 3.4 ± 0.2 |
800 | 5.7 ± 0.4 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 4.1 ± 0.1 | 3.7 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 |
1000 | 8.0 ± 0.1 | 4.7 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 6.1 ± 0.1 | 3.7 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.1 |
Shoot height | ||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
100 | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | −0.4 ± 0.6 | 0.5 ± 1.0 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.6 |
200 | −0.5 ± 1.2 | −0.2 ± 0.7 | 0.5 ± 0.8 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 2.9 ± 0.3 |
400 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 3.1 ± 0.5 |
800 | 3.1 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 1.4 | 3.8 ± 0.8 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.2 |
1000 | 5.8 ± 1.1 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 6.0 ± 1.0 | 5.5 ± 1.0 | 0.5 ± 0.5 |
Root length | ||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
100 | 3.5 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 6.7 ± 0.8 | 5.9 ± 0.8 | 0.5 ± 0.7 |
200 | 17.4 ± 0.6 | 21.1 ± 0.1 | 7.8 ± 0.6 | 9.6 ± 0.3 | 5.3 ± 0.7 | 4.3 ± 0.3 |
400 | 43.9 ± 0.7 | 29.4 ± 0.3 | 8.8 ± 0.7 | 18.2 ± 0.2 | 9.6 ± 0.3 | 9.9 ± 0.6 |
800 | 51.1 ± 0.7 | 42.0 ± 0.8 | 11.8 ± 0.6 | 28.1 ± 0.4 | 16.8 ± 0.7 | 18.4 ± 0.1 |
1000 | 68.7 ± 0.4 | 63.4 ± 4.8 | 30.5 ± 0.6 | 53.7 ± 0.3 | 28.6 ± 0.2 | 21.7 ± 0.7 |
Compound Concentration (mg/kg s.d.w.) | Inhibition Biomarkers (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fresh matter | ||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
100 | 3.9 ± 0.2 | −0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 4.4 ± 0.2 | −1.5 ± 0.2 |
200 | 10.3 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 5.6 ± 0.1 | 5.8 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 |
400 | 48.2 ± 0.1 | 8.5 ± 0.1 | 9.3 ± 0.1 | 41.5 ± 0.1 | 5.1 ± 0.2 | 8.0 ± 0.2 |
800 | 53.8 ± 0.0 | 26.2 ± 0.0 | 21.8 ± 0.1 | 49.0 ± 0.1 | 14.3 ± 0.2 | 19.8 ± 0.2 |
1000 | 63.4 ± 0.1 | 48.9 ± 0.0 | 47.4 ± 0.1 | 55.6 ± 0.0 | 43.8 ± 0.1 | 41.0 ± 0.1 |
Shoot height | ||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
100 | 3.6 ± 0.7 | −2.8 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 3.4 ± 0.7 | −0.9 ± 0.4 |
200 | 12.3 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | −1.3 ± 0.3 |
400 | 49.8 ± 0.5 | 9.5 ± 0.7 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 38.2 ± 0.4 | 5.7 ± 0.6 | −1.9 ± 0.2 |
800 | 56.5 ± 0.4 | 21.5 ± 0.2 | −0.6 ± 0.3 | 46.7 ± 0.4 | 13.2 ± 0.3 | −3.2 ± 0.7 |
1000 | 66.9 ± 0.4 | 55.2 ± 0.3 | −1.6 ± 0.3 | 52.4 ± 0.4 | 42.6 ± 0.5 | −4.1 ± 0.2 |
Root length | ||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
100 | 48.6 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.6 | −0.6 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.6 | −0.8 ± 0.2 |
200 | 53.7 ± 0.4 | 43.8 ± 0.3 | −1.7 ± 0.5 | 35.7 ± 0.6 | 15.7 ± 0.6 | 4.5 ± 0.7 |
400 | 72.8 ± 0.7 | 64.9 ± 0.6 | 27.0 ± 0.7 | 68.8 ± 0.4 | 30.6 ± 0.4 | 9.5 ± 0.7 |
800 | 86.2 ± 0.1 | 71.1 ± 0.2 | 69.1 ± 0.4 | 73.9 ± 1.0 | 70.2 ± 0.3 | 16.4 ± 0.5 |
1000 | 89.0 ± 0.8 | 76.1 ± 0.5 | 76.1 ± 0.6 | 79.2 ± 1.0 | 74.0 ± 0.5 | 22.9 ± 0.6 |
Sample Concentration (mg/kg of s.d.w.) | Number of Emerged Seedlings | Germination% | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oat | ||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
Control | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
100 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
200 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 98 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
400 | 19 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 98 | 100 | 98 | 98 | 100 | 100 |
800 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 97 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 100 | 100 |
1000 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 98 | 97 | 98 |
LSDS = 1 LSDC = 1 | ||||||||||||
Radish | ||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
Control | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
100 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
200 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 100 | 98 | 100 | 100 | 98 | 100 |
400 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 98 | 96 | 96 | 98 | 98 | 96 |
800 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 16 | 96 | 96 | 89 | 96 | 98 | 84 |
1000 | 17 | 18 | 14 | 17 | 18 | 13 | 89 | 95 | 74 | 89 | 96 | 70 |
LSDS = 1 LSDC = 2 |
Compound Concentration (mg/kg s.d.w.) | Inhibition (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gallant soldier (Galinsoga parviflora Cav.) | ||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
100 | 8.9 ± 0.6 | 8.7 ± 0.6 | 8.1 ± 0.5 | 7.9 ± 0.3 | 7.6 ± 0.3 | 7.7 ± 0.8 |
400 | 22.1 ± 1.1 | 13.0 ± 0.8 | 9.7 ± 0.3 | 8.2 ± 0.5 | 8.9 ± 0.5 | 6.9 ± 0.9 |
1000 | 55.3 ± 0.6 | 40.0 ± 1.1 | 34.1 ± 0.45 | 42.1 ± 0.4 | 34.1 ± 1.2 | 18.3 ± 0.6 |
White goosefoot (Chenopodium album L.) | ||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
100 | 23.3 ± 0.5 | 21.0 ± 1.1 | 18.1 ± 0.4 | 21.9 ± 0.3 | 7.6 ± 0.3 | 3.9 ± 0.8 |
400 | 41.7 ± 0.5 | 33.3 ± 0.7 | 26.3 ± 1.5 | 35.1 ± 0.6 | 27.5 ± 0.8 | 10.6 ± 0.7 |
1000 | 56.1 ± 1.2 | 42.2 ± 0.8 | 39.3 ± 0.4 | 47.0 ± 0.6 | 35.1 ± 0.7 | 26.3 ± 0.2 |
Sorrel (Rumex acetosa L.) | ||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
100 | 50.9 ± 0.3 | 47.3 ± 0.7 | 26.4 ± 0.4 | 28.7 ± 0.3 | 27.4 ± 0.3 | 24.4 ± 0.6 |
400 | 53.2 ± 1.1 | 49.4 ± 0.4 | 31.4 ± 0.8 | 33.7 ± 1.3 | 32.5 ± 0.6 | 29.6 ± 0.9 |
1000 | 59.4 ± 0.5 | 51.2 ± 1.1 | 51.6 ± 0.4 | 51.5 ± 0.4 | 49.0 ± 0.2 | 42.4 ± 0.5 |
Weeds | Compounds | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
Gallant soldier (G. parviflora Cav.) | − | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 |
White goosefoot (Ch. album L.) | − | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 |
Common sorrel (R. acetosa L.) | − | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
Compound | EC50 (Lower Limit; Upper Limit (mg/L)) | EC50 (Lower Limit; Upper Limit (mg/kg s.d.w.)) | Coefficient of Determination (R2) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 410.3 (356.1;472.7) | 541.6 (470;623.9) | 0.9746 |
2 | 422.5 (365.9;487.9) | 557.7 (219.6;644) | 0.9750 |
3 | 1201 (1065;1354) | 1585.3 (1405.8;1787.3) | 0.0979 |
4 | 105.8 (69.99;159.9) | 139.6 (92.4;211.1) | 0.8167 |
5 | 232.9 (182.7;296.9) | 307.4 (241.2;391.9) | 0.9290 |
6 | 538.9 (483.7;600.6) | 710.9 (638.5;792.7) | 0.9836 |
Compound Concentration (mg/kg s.d.w.) | Growth Inhibition (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
10 | 11 ± 2 | 9 ± 1 | 4 ± 1 | NM | 12 ± 1 | 6 ± 1 |
50 | NM | NM | 14 ± 1 | NM | NM | NM |
100 | NM | NM | 26 ± 2 | NM | NM | NM |
250 | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM |
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Rogacz, D.; Lewkowski, J.; Siedlarek, M.; Karpowicz, R.; Kowalczyk, A.; Rychter, P. The Effect of New Thiophene-Derived Diphenyl Aminophosphonates on Growth of Terrestrial Plants. Materials 2019, 12, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12122018
Rogacz D, Lewkowski J, Siedlarek M, Karpowicz R, Kowalczyk A, Rychter P. The Effect of New Thiophene-Derived Diphenyl Aminophosphonates on Growth of Terrestrial Plants. Materials. 2019; 12(12):2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12122018
Chicago/Turabian StyleRogacz, Diana, Jarosław Lewkowski, Marta Siedlarek, Rafał Karpowicz, Anna Kowalczyk, and Piotr Rychter. 2019. "The Effect of New Thiophene-Derived Diphenyl Aminophosphonates on Growth of Terrestrial Plants" Materials 12, no. 12: 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12122018