Physicochemical and Microbiological Assessment of an Experimental Composite Doped with Triclosan-Loaded Halloysite Nanotubes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Material
2.2. Degree of Conversion (DC)
2.3. Flexural Strength and Flexural Modulus
2.4. Dynamic Thermomechanical Analysis (DMA)
2.5. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
2.6. Polymerization Stress Measurements (PS)
2.7. Microbiology Assay
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Incorporation of 8 wt.% seems to be a satisfactory formulation of halloysite nanotube for achieving appropriate mechanical properties for an experimental resin micro-hybrid composite without affecting the viscosity and the material and increase the risk for phase separation;
- The experimental resin composite containing 8 wt.% halloysite nanotube doped with triclosan, from a physicochemical point of view, seems to be a suitable restorative material such as the current commercial nano-filled resin-composite;
- Incorporation of triclosan seems to be test-dependent, since it showed no response in mature biofilms as used in this study.
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name of the Composite | Type of Composite | Manufacturer/Lot No. | Composition |
---|---|---|---|
HNT/TCN-0% | Experimental resin-composite | ----- | Organic matrix: Bis-GMA, TEGDMA. |
Filler type: Silica micro-hybrid filler 80 wt.% | |||
Filler content: 80 wt.% | |||
HNT/TCN | Experimental resin-composite | ----- | Organic matrix: Bis-GMA, TEGDMA. |
Filler type: Silica micro-hydrid filler 72 wt.% and halloysite nanotubes 8 wt.%. | |||
Filler content: 80 wt.% | |||
Filtek Z-350XT (Shade A1D) | Commercial nano-filled composite | 3M ESPE (St Paul, MN, USA)/N702257 | Organic matrix: Bis-GMA, Bis-EMA, UDMA, TEGDMA |
Filler type: Silica and zirconia nanofillers, agglomerated zirconia-silica nanoclusters | |||
Filler content: 82 wt.% |
Composite | DC (%) | E (GPa) | FS (MPa) | PS (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
HNT/TCN-0% | 75.9 (5.4) A | 6.8 (0.9) A | 75.9 (10.1) B | 3.6 (0.3) B |
HNT/TCN | 78.5 (2.2) A | 7.5 (0.2) A | 107.2 (6.6) A | 5.4 (0.9) A |
Z350XT | 72.5 (10.6) A | 6.8 (0.4) A | 101.4 (18.4) A | 3.6 (0.3) B |
Composite | Tg (°C) | Tanδ (×103) at Tg | TGA Weight Loss (%) | TGA Temperature of the First Degradation Step (°C) | TGA Temperature of the Second Degradation Step (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HNT/TCN-0% | 102 (6.56) B | 156.7 (0.15) A | 27.3 (0.58) A | 301 (1.73) A | 426 (3.6) A |
HNT/TCN | 154 (4.36) A | 106.7 (0.11) B | 26.3 (0.58) A | 296 (1.0) B | 419 (1.15) A,B |
Z350XT | 105.3 (3.51) B | 103.3 (0.15) B | 27 (1.0) A | 286 (2.64) C | 415 (5.72) B |
Composite | (CFU)/mL/mm2 | Dry Weight (g) |
---|---|---|
HNT/TCN-0% | 6.9267 (0.35) A | 0.0004 (0.00025) A |
HNT/TCN | 6.8733 (0.28) A | 0.0008 (0.00082) A |
Z350XT | 6.8867 (0.28) A | 0.0003 (0.00006) A |
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Cunha, D.A.; Rodrigues, N.S.; Souza, L.C.; Lomonaco, D.; Rodrigues, F.P.; Degrazia, F.W.; Collares, F.M.; Sauro, S.; Saboia, V.P.A. Physicochemical and Microbiological Assessment of an Experimental Composite Doped with Triclosan-Loaded Halloysite Nanotubes. Materials 2018, 11, 1080. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11071080
Cunha DA, Rodrigues NS, Souza LC, Lomonaco D, Rodrigues FP, Degrazia FW, Collares FM, Sauro S, Saboia VPA. Physicochemical and Microbiological Assessment of an Experimental Composite Doped with Triclosan-Loaded Halloysite Nanotubes. Materials. 2018; 11(7):1080. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11071080
Chicago/Turabian StyleCunha, Diana A., Nara S. Rodrigues, Lidiane C. Souza, Diego Lomonaco, Flávia P. Rodrigues, Felipe W. Degrazia, Fabrício M. Collares, Salvatore Sauro, and Vicente P. A. Saboia. 2018. "Physicochemical and Microbiological Assessment of an Experimental Composite Doped with Triclosan-Loaded Halloysite Nanotubes" Materials 11, no. 7: 1080. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11071080