Materials and Devices for Biodegradable and Soft Biomedical Electronics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials
2.1. Inorganic Functional Materials
2.2. Organic Functional Materials
2.3. Substrate Materials
2.4. Encapsulation Materials
3. Fabrication Schemes
4. Representative Soft and Biodegradable Devices for Biomedical Applications
4.1. Diagnostic Platforms
4.2. Therapeutic Devices
4.3. Power Supply
5. Summary and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Life Stage | Category | Element | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mg (mg/day) | Mo (μg/day) | Fe (mg/day) | Zn (mg/day) | ||
Infants 0–12 months | RDA | 30–75 | 2–3 | 0.27–11 | 2–3 |
UL | – | – | 40 | 4–5 | |
Children 1–8 years | RDA | 80–130 | 17–22 | 7–10 | 3–5 |
UL | 65–110 | 300–600 | 40 | 7–12 | |
Males ≥9 years | RDA | 240–420 | 34–45 | 8–11 | 8–11 |
UL | 350 | 1100–2000 | 40–45 | 23–40 | |
Females ≥9 years | RDA | 240–320 | 34–45 | 8–15 | 8–9 |
UL | 350 | 1100–2000 | 40–45 | 23–40 | |
Pregnancy 14–50 years | RDA | 350–400 | 50 | 27 | 11–12 |
UL | 350 | 1700–2000 | 45 | 34–40 | |
Lactation 14–50 years | RDA | 310–360 | 50 | 9–10 | 12–13 |
UL | 350 | 1700–2000 | 45 | 34–40 |
Functional Materials | Temperature °C | Aqueous Solution | pH | Doping Type cm−3 | Dissolution Rate nm day−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mono-Si NMs [24] | 37 | Phosphate 0.05 M | 7.5 | 1017(p) | 2.512 |
Phosphate 0.1 M | 25.119 | ||||
Phosphate 0.5 M | 50.119 | ||||
Phosphate 1 M | 63.096 | ||||
Chloride 0.05 M | 1.259 | ||||
Chloride 0.1 M | 6.309 | ||||
Chloride 0.5 M | 63.096 | ||||
Chloride 1 M | 63.096 | ||||
50 | Phosphate 0.05 M | 7.5 | 1017(p) | 3.162 | |
Phosphate 0.1 M | 31.623 | ||||
Phosphate 0.5 M | 125.893 | ||||
Phosphate 1 M | 251.189 | ||||
Chloride 0.05 M | 5.012 | ||||
Chloride 0.1 M | 15.849 | ||||
Chloride 0.5 M | 199.526 | ||||
Chloride 1 M | 398.107 | ||||
Mono-Si NMs [22] | 37 | Buffer solution 0.1 M | 7.4 | 1017(p) | 3.162 |
1019(p) | 3.162 | ||||
1020(p) | 0.501 | ||||
37 | Buffer solution 0.1 M | 7.4 | 1017(b) | 3.162 | |
1019(b) | 3.162 | ||||
1020(b) | 0.251 | ||||
Room temperature (RT) | Coke | 2.6 | - | 0.600 | |
RT | Milk | 6.4 | - | 23.300 | |
RT | PBS 0.1 M | 7.4 | - | 1.820 | |
Mono-Si NMs [23] | 37 | Bovine serum | 7.4 | - | 100.800 |
Sea water | 7.8 | - | 4.115 | ||
Mono-Si NMs [44] | 37 | Albumin phosphate buffered saline (PBS) Na+ | 7.4 | 1015(b) | 42.100 |
Albumin PBS Mg2+ | 45.010 | ||||
Albumin PBS Ca2+ | 51.000 | ||||
20 | Purified water | 5.5 | 1015(b) | <0.010 | |
1020(b) | <0.010 | ||||
20 | Tap water | 7.5 | 1015(b) | 0.710 | |
1020(b) | 0.420 | ||||
37 | Serum | 7.4 | 1015(b) | 21.020 | |
1020(b) | 0.500 | ||||
37 | Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) | 7.6 | 1015(b) | 58.010 | |
1020(b) | 7.010 | ||||
37 | HBSS w/Ca, Mg | 7.6 | 1015(b) | 66.020 | |
1020(b) | 8.020 | ||||
37 | HBSS | 8.2 | 1015(b) | 129.030 | |
1020(b) | 58.000 | ||||
37 | HBSS w/Ca, Mg | 8.2 | 1015(b) | 178.000 | |
1020(b) | 69.010 | ||||
20 | Purified water | 5.5 | 1015(b) | 0.010 | |
Tap water | 7.5 | 0.720 | |||
Serum | 7.4 | 3.500 | |||
37 | Purified water | 5.5 | 1015(b) | 0.210 | |
Tap water | 7.5 | 2.620 | |||
Sweat | 4.5 | 0.530 | |||
Serum | 7.4 | 21.000 | |||
HBSS | 7.6 | 58.210 | |||
HBSS w/Ca, Mg | 7.6 | 66.010 | |||
HBSS | 8.2 | 129.020 | |||
HBSS w/Ca, Mg | 8.2 | 178.000 | |||
poly-Si NMs [26] | RT | Buffer solution | 7 | - | 1.020 |
7.4 | 1.585 | ||||
8 | 10.010 | ||||
10 | 398.107 | ||||
37 | Buffer solution | 7 | - | 1.259 | |
7.4 | 3.162 | ||||
8 | 19.953 | ||||
10 | 562.341 | ||||
a-Si NMs [26] | RT | Buffer solution | 7 | - | 1.778 |
7.4 | 3.981 | ||||
8 | 15.849 | ||||
10 | 501.187 | ||||
37 | Buffer solution | 7 | - | 1.585 | |
7.4 | 5.011 | ||||
8 | 31.623 | ||||
10 | 630.957 |
Functional Materials | Temperature °C | Aqueous Solution | pH | Dissolution Rate nm day−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ge [26] | RT | Aqueous Buffer solution | 7 | 0.794 |
7.4 | 1.995 | |||
8 | 15.849 | |||
10 | 501.187 | |||
37 | Aqueous Buffer solution | 7 | 1.259 | |
7.4 | 3.162 | |||
8 | 19.953 | |||
10 | 562.341 | |||
Poly-MoS2 [45] | 40 | 1.0 M PBS | 7.4 | 0.010 |
12 | 0.010 | |||
60 | 1.0 M PBS | 7.4 | 0.070 | |
12 | 0.160 | |||
75 | 1.0 M PBS | 7.4 | 0.200 | |
12 | 0.270 | |||
85 | 1.0 M PBS | 7.4 | 0.270 | |
12 | 0.400 |
Functional Materials | Test Conditions | Dissolution Rate nm day−1 | Dissolution Product |
---|---|---|---|
Mg [48] | Deionized water, RT | 1680.000 | Mg(OH)2 |
Zn [49] | Deionized water, RT | 168.000 | Zn(OH)2 |
Fe [47] | Simulated body fluids, 37 °C | 5.000–80.000 | Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3 |
Mo [50] | Deionized water, RT | 7.200 | H2MoO4 |
W [51] | Deionized water, RT | 7.200–3.000–40.800 | H2WO4 |
Functional Materials | Fabrication Methods | Test Conditions | Dissolution Rate nm day−1 | Dissolution Product |
---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 [10] | E-beam | 37 °C | 10.000 | Si(OH)4 |
PECVD | 37 °C | 0.100 | ||
Thermally grown | 37 °C | 0.003 | ||
Si3N4 [10] | LPCVD | pH 7.4 | 0.158 | Si(OH)4 + NH3 |
LPCVD | pH 8 | 0.251 | ||
LPCVD | pH 10 | 0.316 | ||
LPCVD | pH 12 | 0.631 | ||
PECVD-LF | pH 7.4 | 0.794 | ||
PECVD-LF | pH 8 | 1.585 | ||
PECVD-LF | pH 10 | 1.995 | ||
PECVD-LF | pH 12 | 3.981 | ||
PECVD-HF | pH 7.4 | 0.794 | ||
PECVD-HF | pH 8 | 2.512 | ||
PECVD-HF | pH 10 | 6.310 | ||
PECVD-HF | pH 12 | 25.119 | ||
Spin-on glass (SOG) [47] | cured at 300 °C | PBS, pH 7.4 | 50.000 | Si(OH)4 |
cured at 800 °C | PBS, pH 7.4 | 6.000 |
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Li, R.; Wang, L.; Yin, L. Materials and Devices for Biodegradable and Soft Biomedical Electronics. Materials 2018, 11, 2108. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112108
Li R, Wang L, Yin L. Materials and Devices for Biodegradable and Soft Biomedical Electronics. Materials. 2018; 11(11):2108. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112108
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Rongfeng, Liu Wang, and Lan Yin. 2018. "Materials and Devices for Biodegradable and Soft Biomedical Electronics" Materials 11, no. 11: 2108. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112108