Polylactic Acid Improves the Rheological Properties, and Promotes the Degradation of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Modified Alkali-Activated Cement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedures
2.1. Materials
2.2. Measurements
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
3.2. Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (Py-GC/MS)
3.3. Rheological Properties
3.4. Compressive Strength of 85 °C-Cured Specimens
3.5. Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
3.6. Water Absorption
3.7. Self-Degradation
3.8. Self-Degradation Mechanism
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The thermal decomposition temperature of PLA declined after treatment with filtrate of SDTSM. The main pyrolysis products of PLA are γ-butyrolactone, o-xylene, hexyl alcohol and 3-methylpent-1-en-3-ol.
- (2)
- The optimum PLA dosage is 2%. The addition of PLA increased the fluidity and reduced the viscosity of SDTSM, thus improving its rheological and pumping properties. 2% PLA enhanced the level of self-degradation, and ensured the SDTSM obtain a relatively larger 85 °C compressive strength to resume drilling.
- (3)
- PLA or CMC have a small effect on the types of hydrated products of the 85 °C-cured alkali activated slag/Class C fly ash cement, however, the hydrated products decrease as the dosage of PLA increases.
- (4)
- The existence of the large amount of pores generated by melting and thermal decomposition is the major reason for PLA enhancement of the self-degradation level of SDTSM. This works in two ways: first, the large amount of pores leads to a looser microstructure which results in lower strength; second, these pores make the water impregnate the cement more easily, and this made the dissolution progress faster to generate heat and destroy the microstructure of the cement, ultimately, facilitating the self-degradation.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Physical Properties | Typical Values |
---|---|
Density (g/cm3) | 1.25 ± 0.05 |
Melting temperature (°C) | 155~165 |
Glass transition temperature (°C) | 56~60 |
Tensile strength (MPa) | ≥5 |
Elongation at break (%) | ≥3.0 |
Impact strength (kJ/m3, Izod) | 1~3 |
Number | Retention Time (min) | Compounds | Peak Area % of Total |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 4.577 | o-Xylene | 3.29 |
2 | 5.514 | γ-Butyrolactone | 82.91 |
3 | 8.717 | Hexyl alcohol | 2.95 |
4 | 11.829 | 3-Methylpent-1-en-3-ol | 1.68 |
PLA Dosage (%) | Shear Rates (s−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
5.11 | 10.21 | 170 | 340 | |
Control | 1.02 | 2.30 | 14.82 | 27.59 |
0 | 5.37 | 7.67 | 62.85 | 123.92 |
1 | 3.83 | 7.41 | 52.12 | 97.35 |
2 | 3.32 | 5.37 | 42.41 | 76.65 |
3 | 3.58 | 5.62 | 47.01 | 87.13 |
4 | 4.34 | 6.64 | 53.14 | 98.37 |
5 | 4.85 | 8.94 | 61.32 | 110.89 |
6 | 5.11 | 7.41 | 62.09 | 114.98 |
7 | 3.83 | 9.45 | 54.93 | 100.16 |
8 | 4.34 | 5.62 | 41.39 | 76.14 |
9 | 3.83 | 6.13 | 48.80 | 90.45 |
10 | 4.85 | 6.64 | 58.51 | 109.35 |
PLA Dosage (%) | RMSE | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 1.14954 | 78.17 | 0.99878 | 0.53179 |
0 | 3.62560 | 352.13 | 0.99991 | 0.66444 |
1 | 3.80992 | 276.44 | 0.99924 | 1.4894 |
2 | 3.17759 | 218.16 | 0.99837 | 1.7229 |
3 | 3.07989 | 248.97 | 0.99926 | 1.3228 |
4 | 3.76898 | 280.15 | 0.99930 | 1.4440 |
5 | 5.15655 | 314.27 | 0.99831 | 2.5178 |
6 | 4.25199 | 327.94 | 0.99931 | 1.6738 |
7 | 4.94911 | 282.35 | 0.99774 | 2.6160 |
8 | 3.64514 | 214.57 | 0.99943 | 1.0007 |
9 | 3.38908 | 257.79 | 0.99893 | 1.3432 |
10 | 3.75633 | 312.99 | 0.99931 | 1.3058 |
Pore Diameter (μm) | PLA | Slag | Fly Ash |
---|---|---|---|
>550 | 0.0903 | 0 | 0 |
550~325 | 25.67676 | 0 | 0 |
325~250 | 60.11703 | 0 | 0 |
250~120 | 12.70065 | 53.76577 | 0.56842 |
120~106 | 1.04332 | 11.69448 | 6.977688 |
<106 | 0.371942 | 34.53976 | 92.45389 |
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Tan, H.; Zheng, X.; Duan, C.; Xia, B. Polylactic Acid Improves the Rheological Properties, and Promotes the Degradation of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Modified Alkali-Activated Cement. Energies 2016, 9, 823. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9100823
Tan H, Zheng X, Duan C, Xia B. Polylactic Acid Improves the Rheological Properties, and Promotes the Degradation of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Modified Alkali-Activated Cement. Energies. 2016; 9(10):823. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9100823
Chicago/Turabian StyleTan, Huijing, Xiuhua Zheng, Chenyang Duan, and Bairu Xia. 2016. "Polylactic Acid Improves the Rheological Properties, and Promotes the Degradation of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Modified Alkali-Activated Cement" Energies 9, no. 10: 823. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9100823