Real-Time Wavelet-Based Coordinated Control of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Denoising and Flattening Wind Power Output
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Literature | Filtering method | Storage type | SOC regulation | Interconnection requirement | Real-time or hardware test |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ushiwata [6] | SMA | EDLC | X | X | X |
Tanabe [7] | SMA | Battery | X | O | X |
Sheikh [8] | SMA + EMA | SMES | X | X | X |
Yoshimoto [9] | First order lag filter | Battery | O | X | X |
Li [10] | SMA | Battery/EDLC | X | X | O |
Suvire [11] | Fuzzy logic + SMA | Flywheel | X | X | X |
Mishra [12] | Bacteria foraging | Battery | X | X | X |
Li [13] | Fuzzy logic + wavelet | Battery | O | X | X |
Jiang [14] | Online wavelet | Battery/EDLC | O | O | X |
Proposed | Online wavelet | Battery/EDLC | O | O | O |
2. Wind-Hybrid Energy Storage System Modeling in RSCAD
2.1. Development of Electric Double-Layer Capacitor Simulation Model in RSCAD
- Nc number of layers of electrodes;
- Ns number of series EDLC cells;
- Np number of parallel EDLC cells;
- Q electric charge (C);
- r molecular radius (m);
- ε permittivity of material;
- S interfacial area between electrodes and electrolyte (m2);
- R ideal gas constant;
- T operating temperature (F);
- α charge transfer coefficient;
- c molar concentration (mol·m−3);
- i0 exchange current density;
- F faraday constant;
- Vmax surge voltage (V);
- ΔV over-potential (V).
2.2. Development of Ni-MH Battery Simulation Model in RSCAD
- Vbatt battery voltage (V);
- E0 battery constant voltage (V);
- K polarization constant (V/A·h) or polarization resistance (Ω);
- Q battery capacity (A·h);
- it actual battery charge (A·h);
- A exponential zone amplitude (V);
- B exponential zone time constant inverse (A·h)−1;
- R internal resistance (Ω);
- i battery current (A);
- i* filtered current (A).
3. Real-Time Wavelet-Based Energy Management Algorithm
3.1. Data Processing and Discrete Wavelet Transform Procedure
- power output of the wind-HESS system at time t;
- power output of the wind turbine at time t;
- power charged into NB at time t;
- power charged into EDLC at time t.
3.2. State-of-Charge Control Strategies
3.2.1. State-of-Charge Control Strategy of the Electric Double-Layer Capacitor
EDLC SOC level | Tuning constant (αEDLC) | Battery SOC level | Tuning constant (αNB) |
---|---|---|---|
85% ≤ SOCEDLC | −0.07 | 75% ≤ SOCNB | 1.25 |
80% ≤ SOCEDLC < 85% | −0.03 | 70% ≤ SOCNB < 75% | 1.15 |
75% ≤ SOCEDLC < 80% | −0.01 | 60% ≤ SOCNB < 70% | 1.05 |
45% ≤ SOCEDLC < 75% | 0.01 | 40% ≤ SOCNB < 60% | 1.0 |
40% ≤ SOCEDLC < 45% | 0.03 | 35% ≤ SOCNB < 40% | 0.85 |
35% ≤ SOCEDLC < 40% | 0.05 | 30% ≤ SOCNB < 35% | 0.75 |
SOCEDLC < 35% | 0.09 | SOCNB < 30% | 0.65 |
3.2.2. State-of-Charge Control Strategy of the Ni-MH Battery
3.3. Ramp Rate Limitation Requirement
4. Simulation Studies
4.1. Configuration of the Test System
Component | Parameter | Value |
---|---|---|
Wind turbine | Pwt,rated | 1.65 MW |
NB | PNB,rated | 1.0 MW |
ENB,rated | 0.305 MW·h | |
EDLC | PEDLC,rated | 0.66 MW |
EEDLC,rated | 0.022 MW·h |
4.2. Case 1: Without State-of-Charge Control Strategy
4.3. Case 2: With State-of-Charge Control Strategy and Comparison with Simple Moving Average
- (a)
- Maximum Absolute Value of NB Power Output (): since the cost of the inverter is proportional to the power rating, smaller implies a lower installation cost.
- (b)
- Battery health index (BHI): defined in Equation (24), refers to the degree to which the SOC values deviate from the desired level, typically chosen to be 50%. A smaller BHI indicates more effective usage of the storage device within the safe operating limits [14]:
- (c)
- Average power loss of energy storage ( ) and average system output ( ): the losses in the NB and EDLC during the charge/discharge process and the losses in the inverter will affect the total system output. The average system output is closely related to the revenue of the wind power system operator. The average power loss of the NB and EDLC is defined as Equation (25), where T = 7200 in this study:
Case | Methods | BHI | ||||
Case 2: Wind Pattern 1 | SMA | 0.924 | 13.94 | 137.57 | 14.52 | 0.938 |
RWEMA | 0.852 | 9.87 | 111.89 | 8.69 | 0.955 | |
Case 2: Wind Pattern 2 | SMA | 0.912 | 13.25 | 121.51 | 17.09 | 0.929 |
RWEMA | 0.910 | 12.63 | 112.78 | 10.35 | 0.943 | |
Case 3: SOC0 = 30% | SMA | 0.919 | 17.79 | 165.82 | 15.35 | 0.881 |
RWEMA | 0.912 | 14.08 | 135.01 | 9.91 | 0.905 | |
Case 3: SOC0 = 50% | SMA | 0.921 | 16.72 | 144.31 | 15.39 | 0.926 |
RWEMA | 0.913 | 12.76 | 118.37 | 9.95 | 0.944 | |
Case 3: SOC0 = 60% | SMA | 0.920 | 15.77 | 135.92 | 15.33 | 0.944 |
RWEMA | 0.913 | 13.95 | 114.61 | 9.95 | 0.959 |
4.4. Case 3: Reduced Hybrid Energy Storage System Capacity
4.5. Case 4: Effect of Tuning Constant
Battery SOC Level | Tuning constant (αNB) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 | |
75% ≤ SOCNB | 1.25 | 1.55 | 1.10 |
70% ≤ SOCNB < 75% | 1.15 | 1.35 | 1.05 |
60% ≤ SOCNB < 70% | 1.05 | 1.15 | 1.00 |
40% ≤ SOCNB < 60% | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
35% ≤ SOCNB < 40% | 0.85 | 0.75 | 0.90 |
30% ≤ SOCNB < 35% | 0.75 | 0.55 | 0.85 |
SOCNB < 30% | 0.65 | 0.35 | 0.80 |
Tuning constant set | BHI | |||
Set 1 | 0.913 | 12.76 | 118.37 | 0.944 |
Set 2 | 0.997 | 11.75 | 147.29 | 0.906 |
Set 3 | 0.799 | 13.51 | 102.04 | 0.967 |
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Trung, T.T.; Ahn, S.-J.; Choi, J.-H.; Go, S.-I.; Nam, S.-R. Real-Time Wavelet-Based Coordinated Control of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Denoising and Flattening Wind Power Output. Energies 2014, 7, 6620-6644. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7106620
Trung TT, Ahn S-J, Choi J-H, Go S-I, Nam S-R. Real-Time Wavelet-Based Coordinated Control of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Denoising and Flattening Wind Power Output. Energies. 2014; 7(10):6620-6644. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7106620
Chicago/Turabian StyleTrung, Tran Thai, Seon-Ju Ahn, Joon-Ho Choi, Seok-Il Go, and Soon-Ryul Nam. 2014. "Real-Time Wavelet-Based Coordinated Control of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Denoising and Flattening Wind Power Output" Energies 7, no. 10: 6620-6644. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7106620
APA StyleTrung, T. T., Ahn, S.-J., Choi, J.-H., Go, S.-I., & Nam, S.-R. (2014). Real-Time Wavelet-Based Coordinated Control of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Denoising and Flattening Wind Power Output. Energies, 7(10), 6620-6644. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7106620