Multi-Objective Planning of Multi-Type Distributed Generation Considering Timing Characteristics and Environmental Benefits
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Timing Characteristics of Load and DG Output
2.1. Timing Characteristics of Load
2.2. Timing Characteristics of DG Output
2.2.1. Renewable-Type DG
2.2.2. Non-Renewable-Type DG
3. Multi-Objective Planning Model of Multi-Type DG
3.1. Normalization of Original Data
3.1.1. Classification of Daily Load Sequences
3.1.2. Calculation of Typical Daily Load Sequence
3.1.3. Calculation of Typical Daily Output Sequence of DG per Unit Capacity
3.2. Objective Function
Power generation methods | SO2 | NOx | CO2 | CO | TSP | Fly ash | Slag |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coal-fired power | 41.47 | 23.04 | 27.42 | 0.09 | 0.32 | 47.52 | 1.08 |
Wind power | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Photovoltaic power | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Gas turbine | 0.01 | 9.92 | 17.69 | 0 | 0.10 | 0 | 0 |
Fuel cell | 0.01 | 7.75 | 13.82 | 0 | 0.08 | 0 | 0 |
3.3. Constraint Conditions
4. Solution to the Model
4.1. Application of the Improved Adaptive Genetic Algorithm
4.2. General Steps
- (1)
- Classification of daily load sequences. The daily load sequences throughout the year at each load point in the distribution network should be divided into A categories according to different seasons and date types; then, the number of days included in each category should be recorded.
- (2)
- Calculation of typical daily load sequence. For each category of the daily load sequences, the typical daily load sequence can be calculated according to Equation (1). If the number of the load points in the distribution network is nL, then the total number of the typical daily load sequences obtained after calculation is AnL.
- (3)
- Calculation of a typical daily output sequence of DG per unit capacity. For each category of the daily load sequences, the typical daily output sequence of DG per unit capacity can be calculated according to Equation (2). If the number of the types of DG to be selected is B, then the total number of the typical daily output sequences of DG per unit capacity obtained after calculation is ABnL.
- (4)
- Calculation of a typical daily output sequence of DG. For each load point in the individual, the typical daily output sequence of DG per unit capacity should be selected first according to the type and capacity of the DG; then, the typical daily output sequence of DG at each load point can be obtained through the conversion of the typical daily output sequence of DG per unit capacity.
- (5)
- Power flow calculation. After the superposition of the typical daily output sequence of DG and the typical daily load sequence, the power flow calculation can be started. If the constraint conditions cannot be met, the fitness of the individual should be set to zero directly; otherwise, the fitness will be calculated according to the fitness function.
- (6)
- Analysis of the results. Repeat Steps 4 and 5 until the preset maximum number of generations is reached; then, the individual whose fitness is the largest is the optimal solution to the model. This indicates the type and capacity of the DG that should be connected to each load point.
5. Case Study
5.1. Overview of the Test System
Parameters | Values |
---|---|
The installation cost of WG | 7,000 CNY/kW |
The installation cost of PV | 10,000 CNY/kW |
The installation cost of MT | 3,000 CNY/kW |
The installation cost of FC | 12,000 CNY/kW |
Annual interest rate | 3% |
Load growth rate | 1% |
The price of the lost electricity | 0.35 CNY/kWh |
The purchase price of the electricity | 0.35 CNY/kWh |
The sell price of the electricity | 0.5 CNY/kWh |
The subsidy price of the electricity | 1.0 CNY/kWh |
The power factor of DG | 0.9 |
The economic life of DG | 25 years |
5.2. Analysis of Different Optimization Schemes
Node number | Capacity/kVA | Type |
---|---|---|
2 | 300 | FC |
4 | 400 | PV |
6 | 200 | MT |
8 | 700 | WG |
9 | 300 | WG |
10 | 500 | MT |
11 | 400 | MT |
13 | 100 | PV |
Sub-goals | Calculated values/10,000 CNY |
---|---|
Loss reduction | 14.72 |
Delaying the upgrade of lines | 10.44 |
Environmental protection | 58.80 |
Saving fuels | 29.20 |
The fixed investment and maintenance of DG | 109.34 |
The maximum net income of DG | 3.82 |
Node number | Capacity/kVA | Type |
---|---|---|
1 | 200 | MT |
3 | 100 | PV |
4 | 300 | WG |
6 | 300 | PV |
8 | 600 | WG |
9 | 400 | MT |
10 | 400 | MT |
11 | 300 | FC |
12 | 200 | MT |
Sub-goals | Calculated values/10,000 CNY |
---|---|
Loss reduction | 13.81 |
Delaying the upgrade of lines | 9.78 |
Environmental protection | −6.05 |
Saving fuels | −103.28 |
Sale of electricity and subsidies | 616.52 |
The fixed investment and maintenance of DG | 101.40 |
The maximum net income for the power supply company | 429.38 |
5.3. Analysis of the Convergence of the Algorithm
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
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Gao, Y.; Liu, J.; Yang, J.; Liang, H.; Zhang, J. Multi-Objective Planning of Multi-Type Distributed Generation Considering Timing Characteristics and Environmental Benefits. Energies 2014, 7, 6242-6257. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7106242
Gao Y, Liu J, Yang J, Liang H, Zhang J. Multi-Objective Planning of Multi-Type Distributed Generation Considering Timing Characteristics and Environmental Benefits. Energies. 2014; 7(10):6242-6257. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7106242
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Yajing, Jianpeng Liu, Jin Yang, Haifeng Liang, and Jiancheng Zhang. 2014. "Multi-Objective Planning of Multi-Type Distributed Generation Considering Timing Characteristics and Environmental Benefits" Energies 7, no. 10: 6242-6257. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7106242
APA StyleGao, Y., Liu, J., Yang, J., Liang, H., & Zhang, J. (2014). Multi-Objective Planning of Multi-Type Distributed Generation Considering Timing Characteristics and Environmental Benefits. Energies, 7(10), 6242-6257. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7106242