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Volume 19
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Nine-Switch-Converter-Based Integrated On-Board Charger for Construction Machinery Adopting Recursive Least Squares Algorithm

by
Binqing Lin
1,
Guiping Du
1,*,
Zhuofeng Deng
1,
Tiansheng Zhu
2 and
Yanxiong Lei
1
1
School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
2
Guangzhou Efficient Technology Corp, Guangzhou 510641, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2026, 19(10), 2349; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19102349
Submission received: 17 April 2026 / Revised: 6 May 2026 / Accepted: 9 May 2026 / Published: 13 May 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Power Electronics Converters and Electric Motor Drives—2nd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Pure electric construction machinery (PECM) is gradually becoming the mainstream choice for industrial construction. This paper presents a new configuration of an integrated charger for PECM. The proposed configuration employs a nine-switch-converter (NSC) that can achieve charging and traction functions for the target application. In charging mode, the motor is reused as a filter inductor and the NSC is reused as a conventional three-phase PWM rectifier. Data-driven adaptive predictive control (DAPC) based on recursive least squares (RLS) is proposed to cope with the motor’s saturation problem in charging mode. This control has the advantages of excellent robustness and fast dynamic response. Although the initial parameters are derived from the system model in the first sampling cycle, the controller subsequently relies entirely on online identification, which significantly reduces the sensitivity to parameter accuracy and eliminates the need for manual tuning of controller gains. In propulsion mode, the NSC enables independent operation of the two motors. The proposed configuration improves the utilization of devices and motors, which greatly reduces the weight, volume, and cost of the charger. Finally, an experimental platform was built to verify the feasibility and validity of the proposed topology and control algorithm.
Keywords: pure electric construction machinery (PECM); nine-switch-converter (NSC); data-driven adaptive predictive control (DAPC); adaptive parameter updating; recursive least squares (RLS); integrated on-board chargers (IOBCs) pure electric construction machinery (PECM); nine-switch-converter (NSC); data-driven adaptive predictive control (DAPC); adaptive parameter updating; recursive least squares (RLS); integrated on-board chargers (IOBCs)

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lin, B.; Du, G.; Deng, Z.; Zhu, T.; Lei, Y. Nine-Switch-Converter-Based Integrated On-Board Charger for Construction Machinery Adopting Recursive Least Squares Algorithm. Energies 2026, 19, 2349. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19102349

AMA Style

Lin B, Du G, Deng Z, Zhu T, Lei Y. Nine-Switch-Converter-Based Integrated On-Board Charger for Construction Machinery Adopting Recursive Least Squares Algorithm. Energies. 2026; 19(10):2349. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19102349

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lin, Binqing, Guiping Du, Zhuofeng Deng, Tiansheng Zhu, and Yanxiong Lei. 2026. "Nine-Switch-Converter-Based Integrated On-Board Charger for Construction Machinery Adopting Recursive Least Squares Algorithm" Energies 19, no. 10: 2349. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19102349

APA Style

Lin, B., Du, G., Deng, Z., Zhu, T., & Lei, Y. (2026). Nine-Switch-Converter-Based Integrated On-Board Charger for Construction Machinery Adopting Recursive Least Squares Algorithm. Energies, 19(10), 2349. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19102349

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