Feasibility and Challenges for Vehicle-to-Grid in Electricity Market: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- A V2G technology’s business scheme framework that enables multiple entities to benefit and its feasibility with respect to the electricity market are analyzed.
- Various classifications of V2G technology’s application scenarios are presented, and global V2G technology’s real-world use cases are surveyed, which serves to validate the feasibility of V2G technology.
- The challenges faced by V2G technology at present are categorized into the technical, economical, and social aspects.
2. V2G Business Schemes: Concept and Framework
2.1. Concept
2.2. Framework
3. Feasibility in the Electricity Market
3.1. Peak-to-Valley Arbitrage
3.2. The Spot Market
3.3. DR
3.4. Ancillary Services
3.4.1. Frequency Regulation
3.4.2. Voltage Regulation
3.4.3. Spinning Reserve
3.4.4. Black Start
4. Application Scenarios and Real-World Use Cases
4.1. Application Scenarios
4.1.1. Taxonomy I: Classification by Location
4.1.2. Taxonomy II: Classification by Participation Mode
4.2. Real-World Use Cases
5. Challenges
5.1. Technical: Communication Complexity and Battery Degradation
5.2. Economical: High Fixed Investment and Uncertain Market Policies
5.3. Social: Trust Issue and Range Anxiety
6. Conclusions
- The transition from fuel-powered vehicles to EVs is an inevitable trend. As a means of interaction between EVs and the power grid, V2G technology is essential for the development of EVs and ensuring grid security and stability.
- The concept of V2G technology is introduced by analyzing a specific microgrid containing V2G technology. The exploration of V2G technology’s business schemes indicates broad market prospects and practical economic viability.
- The feasibility of various V2G technology’s services with respect to the electricity market are explored, including peak-to-valley arbitrage, the spot market, DR, frequency regulation, voltage regulation, spinning reserve, and black start.
- A detailed classification of V2G technology’s application scenarios is investigated. Additionally, analysis and discussion of real-world V2G technology’s cases worldwide are presented.
- An overview of the challenges facing by V2G technology’s business schemes is investigated, which mainly from three perspectives: technical, economical, and social. These challenges need to be further studied and overcome.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
V2G | Vehicle-to-Grid |
EVs | Electric vehicles |
DR | Demand-response |
RERs | Renewable energy resources |
BEVs | Battery electric vehicles |
PHEVs | Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles |
HEVs | Hybrid electric vehicles |
FCEVs | Fuel cell electric vehicles |
VPPs | Virtual power plants |
IEA | International energy agency |
TOU | Time-of-use |
CPs | Charging piles |
CSs | Charging stations |
OBC | Onboard charger |
ISO | International Organization for Standardization |
V2H | Vehicle-to-Home |
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Region | Numbers | Representation | Country | Year | CPs | Services |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Europe | 88 | Powerloop | UK | 2018 | 135 | arbitrage, load shifting, emergency back up |
Share the Sun | Netherlands | 2019 | 80 | frequency regulation, load shifting | ||
Bidirectional Lade Management | Germany | 2021 | 50 | frequency regulation, DR, arbitrage, load shifting | ||
Grid Motion | France | 2017 | 15 | frequency regulation, arbitrage, load shifting | ||
America | 24 | Smart MAUI, Hawaii | US | 2012 | 80 | load shifting |
INVENT-UCSD | US | 2017 | 50 | frequency regulation, DR, load shifting | ||
BC Hydro [86] | Canada | 2023 | unknown | peak shaving, load shifting | ||
Asia | 14 | Leaf to Home | Japan | 2012 | 4000 | load shifting, emergency back up |
VGI Core Component Development | Korea | 2018 | 100 | frequency regulation, DR, reserve, load shifting | ||
Taizhou [87] | China | 2023 | 14 | peak shaving, load shifting | ||
Wuxi [88] | China | 2023 | 50 | arbitrage, load shifting, emergency back up | ||
Australia | 3 | Flinders University V2G Trial | Australia | 2023 | 10 | arbitrage, load shifting |
Africa | 2 | UNDP Windhoek V2G | Namibia | 2019 | 2 | load shifting |
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Wan, M.; Yu, H.; Huo, Y.; Yu, K.; Jiang, Q.; Geng, G. Feasibility and Challenges for Vehicle-to-Grid in Electricity Market: A Review. Energies 2024, 17, 679. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17030679
Wan M, Yu H, Huo Y, Yu K, Jiang Q, Geng G. Feasibility and Challenges for Vehicle-to-Grid in Electricity Market: A Review. Energies. 2024; 17(3):679. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17030679
Chicago/Turabian StyleWan, Muchun, Heyang Yu, Yingning Huo, Kan Yu, Quanyuan Jiang, and Guangchao Geng. 2024. "Feasibility and Challenges for Vehicle-to-Grid in Electricity Market: A Review" Energies 17, no. 3: 679. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17030679