Research on Phase Change Cold Storage Materials and Innovative Applications in Air Conditioning Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Specification | Water Cold Storage | Ice Cold Storage | Phase Change Cold Storage |
---|---|---|---|
Specific heat J/(kg·K) | 4.19 | 2.04 | - |
Latent heat (kJ/kg) | - | 334 | 80~250 |
Maintenance costs | Higher | Moderate | Moderate |
Cold storage tank capacity | Larger | Smaller | Moderate |
Power consumption | Lower | Higher | Lower |
Initial investment | Lower | Moderate | High |
Technical requirements and operating costs | High technical requirements and high operating costs | Low technical requirements and low operating costs | High technical requirements and low operating costs |
Coefficient of performance | 5.0~5.9 | 2.9~4.1 | 5.0~5.9 |
2. Phase Change Cold Storage Materials and Their Enhancement
2.1. Pure Phase Change Cold Storage Materials
2.1.1. Inorganic Phase Change Cold Storage Materials
PCM | Phase Change Temperature (°C) | Latent Heat (kJ/kg) | Application | References | Costs(CHF) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Na2SO4·10H2O (NH4Cl, borax, PAC) | 10.3 | 142.7 | Air conditioning | [26] | 278 |
Na2SO4·10H2O (NH4Cl, KCl, K2SO4, CMC, sodium hexametaphosphate borax, and boric acid) | 8.25 | 114.4 | Air conditioning | [27] | 713 |
Inorganic hydrates are encapsulated within high-density polyethylene (HDPE) cold storage plates | 8 | 182 | Air conditioning | [28] | 519 |
Na2SO4·10H2O (NH4Cl, TiO2 nanoparticles, silica gel powder) | 7.33 | 135 | Air conditioning | [29] | 450 |
A 15% solution of NaCl | −11 | 153 | Freezing cabinets | [30] | 165 |
A mixture of sodium formate, potassium chloride, and distilled water with concentrations ratioed at 22%:8%:70% | −23.8 | 250.3 | Freezers | [31] | 722 |
NaCl acts as the primary energy storage medium; K2CO3 and KCl are employed as cooling agents | −24 | 200 | Refrigerated transport | [32] | 324 |
2.1.2. Organic Phase Change Cold Storage Materials
2.2. Composite Phase Change Cold Storage Materials
2.3. Cost–Benefit Analysis for PCMs
3. Case Study
3.1. Vapor Compression Phase Change Cold Storage Air Conditioning System
3.1.1. PCM Applied in Condenser for Phase Change Cold Storage Air Conditioning Systems
3.1.2. PCM Applied in Cold Storage Tank for Phase Change Cold Storage Air Conditioning Systems
3.1.3. PCM Applied in Evaporator for Phase Change Cold Storage Air Conditioning Systems
3.2. Natural Cooling Phase Change Cold Storage Air Conditioning Systems
3.3. Optimization of Phase Change Cold Storage Air Conditioning System
3.4. Application of Phase Change Cold Storage Air Conditioning
4. Discussion and Conclusions
- Latent heat cold storage holds greater research potential in air conditioning than sensible heat due to its high energy storage efficiency. Selecting appropriate phase change materials is essential, supercooling in inorganic materials can be mitigated with nucleating agents, and thickeners can prevent phase separation. Copper wires and ribs enhance the thermal conductivity of organic materials, while composite materials overcome the limitations of pure substances, pointing to a vital direction for future development. Vapor compression systems, which integrate phase change materials into condensers, storage tanks, and evaporators, are well established. Natural cooling systems leverage ambient conditions for low-energy cooling. Vapor compression is preferred for rapid, efficient cooling; however, natural cooling is ideal in suitable climates to minimize energy use.
- Energy consumption reduction can be approached from aspects such as refrigerant charge, enclosure structure, application of TES heat storage modules, PCM storage, inherent properties of PCM, and fins. The best phase change cold storage air conditioning performance is achieved when PCM is installed in spherical capsules or concave–convex plates and combined with the evaporator. However, further reducing the energy consumption of phase change cold storage air conditioning remains a crucial research topic for the future.
- Phase change materials often have issues such as leakage and corrosion. Therefore, good encapsulation is crucial for improving thermal reliability, good sealing, and strong resistance to thermal expansion. Composite phase change materials always perform better than pure materials. Ceramic-based composite phase change materials have excellent corrosion resistance and high thermal conductivity. Therefore, finding new composite phase change materials is a direction to solve the problems mentioned above.
- The practical application of phase change cold storage air conditioning systems at a large scale entails a careful evaluation of various factors, including cost-effectiveness, environmental impact, and the complexity of the processes involved. Despite the technological advancements in this field, the literature on these critical aspects remains sparse, indicating a clear gap that warrants further investigation. Furthermore, the research on using phase change cold storage air conditioning with new energy sources is relatively limited. While the integration with solar energy has been more extensively documented, a substantial opportunity exists for future development in the joint application of other renewable energy sources. This area of research holds promise for enhancing the sustainability and efficiency of cold storage air conditioning systems and, thus, deserves increased attention and exploration.
- Technological progress is set to usher intelligent features into phase change cold storage air conditioning systems. These systems will employ intelligent temperature control and thermal regulation, automatically adjusting the phase change and cooling output in response to environmental conditions and human activity, minimizing energy waste and cutting consumption. Integrating smart home ecosystems will allow for users to manage their air conditioning via mobile apps or voice commands, enhancing convenience and efficiency.
- Regarding phase change cold storage materials, research and development focusing on bio-based materials, such as plant and animal fats, could help reduce material costs. Combining shape memory alloys with PCMs to initiate phase change through shape alteration at specific temperatures shows promise. Using microchannel heat exchangers could boost heat transfer efficiency, creating modular, easy-to-maintain units. Features like fire protection, noise reduction, and air purification could further enhance system performance.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paraffin RT11HC | 10~12 | 0.2 | Air-cooled heat pump system | [35] | 161 | |
Polyethylene Glycol E-40 | 8 | 99.6 | 0.18 (L) | Food cold storage | [36] | 104 |
Lauric acid, capric acid with a mass ratio of 21:79 | 7.73 | 134 | Air conditioning | [37] | 435 | |
S7, S8, S10 | 7–10 | 150–155 | Air conditioning | [38] | ||
OA/nutmeg alcohol with a mass ratio of 73.7:26.3 | 6.9 | 169.1 | Air conditioning | [39] | 782 | |
OA,LA | 6.2 | 136.43 | [40] | 540 | ||
Lauric acid/tetradecane with a molar ratio of 21:79 | 5.51 | 209.42 | Cold chain | [41] | 508 | |
Methyl laurate | 5.48 | 224 | [42] | 633 | ||
Tetrahydrofuran | 5 | 280 | [43] | 914 | ||
Decanoic acid/decanol with a molar ratio of 36:64 | 3.8 | 180.94 | Cold chain | [41] | 504 | |
Decanoic acid/methyl laurate with a molar ratio of 30:70 | 1.62 | 193.4 | Cold chain | [41] | 575 | |
Mannitol aqueous solution | −3~−3.5 | 276.2 | Preservation of fruit and vegetables | [44] | 455 | |
Teg | −7 | 247 | [45] | 123 | ||
Paraffin RT-9HC | −9~10 | 202 | Liquid 0.174 Solid 0.309 | Refrigeration systems | [3] | 419 |
PCM | Phase Change Temperature (°C) | Latent Heat (kJ/kg) | Application | References | Costs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CaCl2, H2O | 29.7 | 187.4 | [51] | 96 | |
Na2B4O7·10H2O, NH4Br | 9.5–10 | 179 | Bio-based polymeric shell | [52] | 345 |
Na2SO4, H2O, NaCl, NH4Cl | 7.5 | 121 | Air conditioning | [38] | 255 |
Decanoic acid, tetradecane, and graphite with a mass fraction of 74%, 26%, and 6% | 6.6 | 145.3 | Refrigerator car | [53] | 532 |
Deionized water (softened water) with 1% superabsorbent polymer (SAP) and 0.03% diatomaceous earth added | 0.41 | 332.7 | Air-cooled household refrigerator | [54] | |
A 5% sorbitol aqueous solution with 0.40% TiO2 and 1.0% sodium polyacrylate | −2.9 | 293.8 | Cold-chain logistics | [55] | 782 |
Sodium benzoate, water, and 0.1% diatomaceous earth | −4.06 | 316.632 | Fruits and vegetables preservation | [19] | 149 |
A mixture with a mass fraction of 2% potassium chloride, 1.37% glycine, and 3.37% SAP | −6.08 | 318.14 | Storage Quality of Lentinula edodes | [56] | |
Propanetriol: ammonium chloride: water = 1:2:7 | −17.6 | 197.7 | [57] | 700 | |
An 18% sodium chloride solution with 5% SAP and 0.03% diatomaceous earth | −18.98 | 120.6 | Air-cooled household refrigerator | [54] | |
Propanetriol, sodium chloride, and water with a mass ratio of 15%, 10%, 75% | −21.4 | 125.3 | Freezer refrigerator | [58] | 609 |
A mixture of 20% sodium chloride solution and 50% propanetriol solution with a mass ratio of 2.5:7.5 | −31.5 | 175.3 | Refrigerated transportation | [59] | 590 |
Matrix | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|
Ceramic matrix | 1. High sensible heat storage capacity | Frangibility |
2. Good dimensional stability | ||
3. High wettable with PCMs | ||
4. Excellent chemical and thermal stability | ||
5. High corrosion resistance | ||
6. Low cost | ||
Carbon matrix | Excellent thermal conductivity | 1. High cost |
2. Poor high-temperature thermal stability | ||
3. Complexity of preparation | ||
Metallic matrix | 1. Excellent thermal conductivity | 1. High cost |
2. Good mechanical strength | 2. Corrosion issue | |
3. High porosity | 3. Insufficient wetting to PCMs | |
4. Excellent thermal stability |
AC Systems | Parameters | Description | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 10 | Present Value (CHF) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without phase change material storage | K | Investment cost | 507,021.76 | 507,021.76 | ||||
C1 | Operation costs | 60,136.69 | 60,136.69 | 60,136.69 | 60,136.69 | 60,136.69 | 368,820.14 | |
C2 | Maintenance costs | 25,374.04 | 25,374.04 | 25,374.04 | 25,374.04 | 25,374.04 | 153,354.23 | |
B1 | Electricity bill | 45,675.08 | ||||||
B2 | Savings | 17,600.63 | ||||||
D | Salvage value | 45,337.71 | 652,469 | |||||
With phase change material storage | K | Investment cost | 441,000.66 | 441,000.66 | ||||
C1 | Operation costs | 52,723.29 | 52,723.29 | 52,723.29 | 52,723.29 | 52,723.29 | 305,275.74 | |
C2 | Maintenance costs | 39,843.53 | 39,843.53 | 39,843.53 | 39,843.53 | 39,843.53 | 261,305.83 | |
B1 | Electricity bill | 2,000,000.00 | ||||||
B2 | Savings | 325,471.13 | 325,471.13 | 325,471.13 | 325,471.13 | 325,471.13 | 15,000.00 | |
D | Salvage value | 39,469.17 | 15,217.07 |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Li, Z.; Sha, Y.; Zhang, X. Research on Phase Change Cold Storage Materials and Innovative Applications in Air Conditioning Systems. Energies 2024, 17, 4365. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174365
Li Z, Sha Y, Zhang X. Research on Phase Change Cold Storage Materials and Innovative Applications in Air Conditioning Systems. Energies. 2024; 17(17):4365. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174365
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Zhengjing, Yishun Sha, and Xuelai Zhang. 2024. "Research on Phase Change Cold Storage Materials and Innovative Applications in Air Conditioning Systems" Energies 17, no. 17: 4365. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174365
APA StyleLi, Z., Sha, Y., & Zhang, X. (2024). Research on Phase Change Cold Storage Materials and Innovative Applications in Air Conditioning Systems. Energies, 17(17), 4365. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174365