Data Analysis of Global Research Cooperation Patterns in the Secondary Battery Industry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Concept and Development History of Secondary Batteries
2.2. Advances in the Global Battery Industry
2.3. Definition of Research Cooperation and the Target of Cooperation
2.4. Reasoning and Effectiveness of Research Cooperation
2.5. Analysis of the Paper Co-Author Network
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Data Collection and Preprocessing
3.2. Analytical Methods
4. Results
4.1. Basic Properties and Centrality Analysis Results of Research Cooperation Network
4.1.1. Two-Country Research Cooperation Patterns
4.1.2. Three-Country Research Cooperation Patterns
4.1.3. Research Cooperation Patterns in More Than Four Countries
4.2. Topic Modeling LDA Analysis (Full Period, First Half, Second Half)
5. Discussion
5.1. Global Research Cooperation Patterns
5.2. Characteristics of Secondary Battery Cooperation Research Topics
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Rank | Country Name | Eigenvector Centrality | Country Name | Closeness Centrality | Country Name | Betweenness Centrality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | China | 1.0000 | China | 0.7529 | China | 0.172667 |
2 | United Kingdom | 0.9508 | United States | 0.7033 | United Kingdom | 0.088105 |
3 | United States | 0.9447 | United Kingdom | 0.6995 | India | 0.085293 |
4 | Germany | 0.9398 | India | 0.6809 | United States | 0.068123 |
5 | India | 0.9123 | South Korea | 0.6809 | South Korea | 0.059112 |
6 | South Korea | 0.9063 | Germany | 0.6702 | France | 0.049469 |
7 | Canada | 0.8708 | Canada | 0.6531 | Germany | 0.048839 |
8 | Australia | 0.8511 | Spain | 0.6465 | Canada | 0.04441 |
9 | Japan | 0.8470 | France | 0.6432 | Brazil | 0.027934 |
10 | Spain | 0.8439 | Italy | 0.6432 | Italy | 0.027294 |
11 | France | 0.8428 | Japan | 0.6368 | Russian Federation | 0.025134 |
12 | Italy | 0.8385 | Australia | 0.6337 | Taiwan | 0.024034 |
13 | Russian Federation | 0.7883 | Russian Federation | 0.6275 | Spain | 0.023621 |
14 | Sweden | 0.7880 | Sweden | 0.6184 | Japan | 0.021844 |
15 | Belgium | 0.7499 | Saudi Arabia | 0.6184 | Mexico | 0.020719 |
16 | Saudi Arabia | 0.7494 | Belgium | 0.6038 | Saudi Arabia | 0.019505 |
17 | Turkey | 0.7348 | Turkey | 0.6038 | Nigeria | 0.019279 |
18 | Czech Republic | 0.7205 | Taiwan | 0.5981 | South Africa | 0.01875 |
19 | Poland | 0.7160 | Poland | 0.5953 | Austria | 0.017278 |
20 | Iran | 0.6933 | Czech Republic | 0.5926 | Sweden | 0.016524 |
21 | Netherlands | 0.6917 | Egypt | 0.5926 | Australia | 0.01444 |
22 | Taiwan | 0.6902 | Netherlands | 0.5899 | Turkey | 0.013669 |
23 | Switzerland | 0.6777 | Switzerland | 0.5899 | Iran | 0.012367 |
24 | Singapore | 0.6694 | Iran | 0.5872 | Chile | 0.011504 |
25 | Egypt | 0.6562 | Singapore | 0.5872 | Malaysia | 0.010566 |
26 | Pakistan | 0.6374 | Pakistan | 0.5792 | Egypt | 0.009642 |
27 | Norway | 0.6337 | Malaysia | 0.5792 | Belgium | 0.008931 |
28 | Malaysia | 0.6288 | Brazil | 0.5792 | Vietnam | 0.007256 |
29 | Hong Kong | 0.6250 | Norway | 0.5766 | Indonesia | 0.007052 |
30 | Denmark | 0.6180 | Hong Kong | 0.5740 | Kazakhstan | 0.005631 |
31 | Austria | 0.6134 | Denmark | 0.5714 | Morocco | 0.005486 |
32 | Ireland | 0.5841 | Austria | 0.5714 | Poland | 0.005233 |
33 | Vietnam | 0.5729 | Vietnam | 0.5714 | United Arab Emirates | 0.005064 |
34 | Portugal | 0.5718 | Portugal | 0.5639 | Czech Republic | 0.004926 |
35 | Brazil | 0.5537 | Ireland | 0.5614 | Ukraine | 0.004664 |
36 | Israel | 0.5403 | Israel | 0.5590 | Pakistan | 0.004453 |
37 | Morocco | 0.5378 | Morocco | 0.5565 | Singapore | 0.004379 |
38 | Thailand | 0.5227 | Mexico | 0.5565 | Hong Kong | 0.003883 |
39 | Finland | 0.5148 | South Africa | 0.5541 | Iraq | 0.003748 |
40 | South Africa | 0.5004 | Finland | 0.5517 | Denmark | 0.00365 |
41 | Slovenia | 0.4757 | Indonesia | 0.5517 | Switzerland | 0.003573 |
42 | Mexico | 0.4655 | Thailand | 0.5494 | Ireland | 0.003304 |
43 | Indonesia | 0.4641 | Iraq | 0.5470 | Netherlands | 0.003138 |
44 | Tunisia | 0.4431 | Slovenia | 0.5424 | Argentina | 0.002801 |
45 | Iraq | 0.4431 | Chile | 0.5424 | Norway | 0.002762 |
46 | Bulgaria | 0.4178 | United Arab Emirates | 0.5356 | Portugal | 0.002632 |
47 | Chile | 0.4154 | Tunisia | 0.5311 | Rwanda | 0.002112 |
48 | Ukraine | 0.3843 | Bulgaria | 0.5267 | Finland | 0.001968 |
49 | United Arab Emirates | 0.3804 | Ukraine | 0.5224 | Jordan | 0.001643 |
50 | Kazakhstan | 0.3599 | Qatar | 0.5224 | Israel | 0.001607 |
51 | Qatar | 0.3569 | Kazakhstan | 0.5203 | Serbia | 0.001601 |
52 | Romania | 0.3538 | Oman | 0.5203 | Slovenia | 0.001281 |
53 | Oman | 0.3478 | Estonia | 0.5203 | Romania | 0.001256 |
54 | Estonia | 0.3451 | Jordan | 0.5182 | Puerto Rico | 0.001115 |
55 | Argentina | 0.3398 | Argentina | 0.5161 | Thailand | 0.001078 |
56 | Greece | 0.3381 | Greece | 0.5120 | Hungary | 0.000885 |
57 | Jordan | 0.3344 | Romania | 0.5079 | Tunisia | 0.000857 |
58 | Ethiopia | 0.3325 | Nigeria | 0.5079 | Oman | 0.0008 |
59 | Algeria | 0.2889 | Ethiopia | 0.5059 | Qatar | 0.000615 |
60 | Macao | 0.2834 | Luxembourg | 0.5039 | Ghana | 0.000613 |
61 | Luxembourg | 0.2789 | Algeria | 0.5020 | Estonia | 0.000598 |
62 | Nigeria | 0.2783 | Ecuador | 0.5020 | Cuba | 0.000569 |
63 | Ecuador | 0.2755 | Macao | 0.5000 | Ecuador | 0.00048 |
64 | Hungary | 0.2744 | Hungary | 0.5000 | Lithuania | 0.000461 |
65 | Colombia | 0.2611 | New Zealand | 0.4923 | New Zealand | 0.00042 |
66 | Slovakia | 0.2452 | Colombia | 0.4867 | Sudan | 0.000406 |
67 | New Zealand | 0.2377 | Slovakia | 0.4848 | Greece | 0.00026 |
68 | Serbia | 0.2344 | Serbia | 0.4830 | Slovakia | 0.000251 |
69 | Bangladesh | 0.2290 | Sudan | 0.4830 | Bulgaria | 0.000238 |
70 | Cuba | 0.2037 | Bangladesh | 0.4794 | Colombia | 0.000223 |
71 | Sudan | 0.1988 | Philippines | 0.4776 | Ethiopia | 0.000209 |
72 | Sri Lanka | 0.1863 | Uzbekistan | 0.4741 | Algeria | 0.000195 |
73 | Lithuania | 0.1830 | Cuba | 0.4723 | Costa Rica | 0.000194 |
74 | Philippines | 0.1822 | Lithuania | 0.4723 | Bangladesh | 0.000132 |
75 | Lebanon | 0.1506 | Puerto Rico | 0.4706 | Belarus | 0.00008 |
76 | Croatia | 0.1384 | Sri Lanka | 0.4689 | Peru | 0.000053 |
77 | Uzbekistan | 0.1343 | Ghana | 0.4672 | Lebanon | 0.000038 |
78 | Puerto Rico | 0.1284 | Lebanon | 0.4638 | Macao | 0.000034 |
79 | Belarus | 0.1259 | Belarus | 0.4621 | Yemen | 0.000021 |
80 | Peru | 0.1238 | Rwanda | 0.4621 | Cyprus | 0.000018 |
81 | Bahrain | 0.1225 | Croatia | 0.4604 | Palestine | 0.000017 |
82 | Yemen | 0.1195 | Bahrain | 0.4555 | Uruguay | 0.000015 |
83 | Democratic Republic Congo | 0.1000 | Myanmar | 0.4555 | Malawi | 0.000012 |
84 | Ghana | 0.0984 | Democratic Republic Congo | 0.4507 | Sri Lanka | 0.00001 |
85 | Malawi | 0.0979 | Malawi | 0.4491 | Croatia | 0.00001 |
86 | Rwanda | 0.0930 | Peru | 0.4460 | Libyan Arab Jamahiriya | 0.000007 |
87 | Myanmar | 0.0910 | Kuwait | 0.4399 | Luxembourg | 0.000005 |
88 | Cyprus | 0.0853 | Nepal | 0.4399 | Philippines | 0.000005 |
89 | Kuwait | 0.0837 | Yemen | 0.4369 | Uzbekistan | 0.000005 |
90 | Palestine | 0.0833 | Azerbaijan | 0.4369 | Bahrain | 0 |
91 | Mongolia | 0.0826 | New Caledonia | 0.4339 | Myanmar | 0 |
92 | Venezuela | 0.0754 | North Macedonia | 0.4324 | Democratic Republic Congo | 0 |
93 | Uruguay | 0.0554 | Zimbabwe | 0.4310 | Kuwait | 0 |
94 | Azerbaijan | 0.0553 | Congo | 0.4310 | Nepal | 0 |
95 | Brunei Darussalam | 0.0524 | Georgia | 0.4310 | Azerbaijan | 0 |
96 | Zimbabwe | 0.0503 | Kenya | 0.4310 | New Caledonia | 0 |
97 | Nepal | 0.0491 | Laos | 0.4310 | North Macedonia | 0 |
98 | New Caledonia | 0.0487 | Niger | 0.4310 | Zimbabwe | 0 |
99 | Libyan Arab Jamahiriya | 0.0483 | Cyprus | 0.4281 | Congo | 0 |
100 | Armenia | 0.0420 | Palestine | 0.4281 | Georgia | 0 |
101 | Bolivia | 0.0417 | Mongolia | 0.4267 | Kenya | 0 |
102 | Costa Rica | 0.0399 | Venezuela | 0.4224 | Laos | 0 |
103 | Latvia | 0.0394 | Armenia | 0.4224 | Niger | 0 |
104 | Panama | 0.0365 | Costa Rica | 0.4211 | Mongolia | 0 |
105 | North Macedonia | 0.0320 | Panama | 0.4197 | Venezuela | 0 |
106 | Cameroon | 0.0307 | Tanzania | 0.4156 | Armenia | 0 |
107 | Tanzania | 0.0281 | Zambia | 0.4156 | Panama | 0 |
108 | Zambia | 0.0281 | Uruguay | 0.4142 | Tanzania | 0 |
109 | Congo | 0.0259 | Libyan Arab Jamahiriya | 0.4129 | Zambia | 0 |
110 | Georgia | 0.0259 | Cameroon | 0.4116 | Cameroon | 0 |
111 | Kenya | 0.0259 | Brunei Darussalam | 0.4076 | Brunei Darussalam | 0 |
112 | Laos | 0.0259 | Eritrea | 0.4063 | Eritrea | 0 |
113 | Niger | 0.0259 | Sierra Leone | 0.4063 | Sierra Leone | 0 |
114 | Iceland | 0.0240 | Cambodia | 0.4063 | Cambodia | 0 |
115 | Moldova | 0.0240 | Iceland | 0.4025 | Iceland | 0 |
116 | Eritrea | 0.0234 | Moldova | 0.4025 | Moldova | 0 |
117 | Sierra Leone | 0.0234 | Bolivia | 0.3988 | Bolivia | 0 |
118 | Cambodia | 0.0233 | Latvia | 0.3963 | Latvia | 0 |
119 | French Polynesia | 0.0216 | French Polynesia | 0.3926 | French Polynesia | 0 |
120 | Syrian Arab Republic | 0.0216 | Syrian Arab Republic | 0.3926 | Syrian Arab Republic | 0 |
121 | Burkina Faso | 0.0176 | Burkina Faso | 0.3754 | Burkina Faso | 0 |
122 | Uganda | 0.0156 | Mozambique | 0.3678 | Mozambique | 0 |
123 | Mozambique | 0.0143 | Uganda | 0.3647 | Uganda | 0 |
124 | Barbados | 0.0128 | El Salvador | 0.3585 | El Salvador | 0 |
125 | El Salvador | 0.0120 | Barbados | 0.3575 | Barbados | 0 |
126 | Papua New Guinea | 0.0073 | Papua New Guinea | 0.3377 | Papua New Guinea | 0 |
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Rank | Country Name | Eigenvector Centrality | Country Name | Closeness Centrality | Country Name | Betweenness Centrality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | China | 1.0000 | China | 0.7529 | China | 0.172667 |
2 | United Kingdom | 0.9508 | United States | 0.7033 | United Kingdom | 0.088105 |
3 | United States | 0.9447 | United Kingdom | 0.6995 | India | 0.085293 |
4 | Germany | 0.9398 | India | 0.6809 | United States | 0.068123 |
5 | India | 0.9123 | South Korea | 0.6809 | South Korea | 0.059112 |
6 | South Korea | 0.9063 | Germany | 0.6702 | France | 0.049469 |
7 | Canada | 0.8708 | Canada | 0.6531 | Germany | 0.048839 |
8 | Australia | 0.8511 | Spain | 0.6465 | Canada | 0.04441 |
9 | Japan | 0.8470 | France | 0.6432 | Brazil | 0.027934 |
10 | Spain | 0.8439 | Italy | 0.6432 | Italy | 0.027294 |
Rank | Top 10 Joint Research by Two Countries | Number of Papers (Weight) |
---|---|---|
1 | United States, China | 2697 (22%) |
2 | Australia, China | 1024 (8%) |
3 | Hong Kong, China | 639 (5%) |
4 | Singapore, China | 546 (4%) |
5 | China, United Kingdom | 521 (4%) |
6 | China, Canada | 469 (4%) |
7 | United States, South Korea | 454 (4%) |
8 | Japan, China | 399 (3%) |
9 | Germany, China | 246 (2%) |
10 | China, South Korea | 193 (2%) |
Rank | Top 10 Joint Research by Three Countries | Number of Papers (Weight) |
---|---|---|
1 | United States, Canada, China | 82 (4%) |
2 | United States, China, Hong Kong | 80 (4%) |
3 | Australia, China, United States | 71 (3%) |
4 | United States, China, South Korea | 52 (2%) |
5 | United States, China, United Kingdom | 45 (2%) |
6 | Australia, China, Hong Kong | 32 (1%) |
7 | United States, China, Germany | 31 (1%) |
8 | United States, China, Saudi Arabia | 29 (1%) |
9 | Australia, China, Japan Singapore, China, United States | 27 (1%) |
10 | United States, China, Taiwan | 22 (1%) |
Rank | Top 10 Joint Research by Four Countries | Number of Papers (Weight) | Rank | Top 10 Joint Research by Five Countries | Number of Papers (Weight) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Australia, China, Japan, South Korea | 11 (3%) | 1 | Indonesia, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Sudan | 2 (3%) |
2 | China, Czech Republic, Germany, Poland | 7 (2%) | 2 | Australia, China, Macao, United Kingdom, Vietnam | 2 (3%) |
3 | Australia, China, Germany, Netherlands | 5 (1%) | 3 | China, France, Germany, United Kingdom, United States | 2 (3%) |
4 | India, Portugal, Spain, United States | 4 (1%) | 4 | Australia, China, Japan, Saudi Arabia, South Korea | 2 (3%) |
5 | Australia, Belgium, Germany, Netherlands | 3 (1%) | 5 | France, Germany, Romania, Czech Republic, United Kingdom | 1 (1%) |
6 | China, Germany, Italy, United States | 3 (1%) | 6 | Germany, Italy, Russian Federation, United Kingdom, United States | 1 (1%) |
7 | France, Germany, United Kingdom, United States | 3 (1%) | 7 | France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom, United States | 1 (1%) |
8 | Australia, China, South Korea, United States | 3 (1%) | 8 | Australia, China, Germany, Italy, United States | 1 (1%) |
9 | Belgium, China, Germany, United Kingdom | 3 (1%) | 9 | Israel, Italy, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Vietnam | 1 (1%) |
10 | Hong Kong, Israel, Russian Federation, Singapore | 3 (1%) | 10 | Germany, Portugal, Singapore, United Kingdom, United States | 1 (1%) |
Rank | Topic 1 | Topic 2 | Topic 3 | Topic 4 | Topic 5 | Topic 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Capacity | High | Material | Battery | Electrolyte | Oxygen |
2 | High | Battery | Lithium | Model | Lithium | Reaction |
3 | Carbon | Capacity | Ion | Lithium | Temperature | Battery |
4 | Cycle | Electrolyte | Electrochemical | Ion | Polymer | Air |
5 | Performance | Lithium | Phase | Method | Solid | Catalyst |
6 | Material | Energy | Electrode | Energy | Conductivity | Energy |
7 | Lithium | Anode | Structure | Base | High | Metal |
8 | Battery | Cathode | Charge | Charge | Ionic | Activity |
9 | Ion | Cycle | Surface | Cell | Battery | Rechargeable |
10 | Sulfur | Ion | Battery | Temperature | Separator | Density |
Rank | Topic 1 | Topic 2 | Topic 3 | Topic 4 | Topic 5 | Topic 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Capacity | Material | Battery | Electrolyte | Battery | Battery |
2 | High | Electrochemical | Lithium | Lithium | Model | Energy |
3 | Cycle | Lithium | Sulfur | High | Ion | Oxygen |
4 | Performance | Ion | High | Battery | Lithium | Cell |
5 | Carbon | Phase | Energy | Si | Method | Air |
6 | Material | Discharge | Material | Ion | Charge | Power |
7 | Ion | Capacity | Cathode | Conductivity | State | Catalyst |
8 | Rate | Cathode | Electrode | Ionic | Base | Reaction |
9 | Anode | Structure | Ion | Polymer | Parameter | Rechargeable |
10 | Lithium | High | Metal | Electrode | Cell | Charge |
Rank | Top 10 Joint Research by Two Countries | Number of Papers (Weight) | Rank | Top 10 Joint Research by Three Countries | Number of Papers (Weight) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | United States, China | 1022 (24%) | 1 | United States, Hong Kong, China | 25 (4%) |
2 | Australia, China | 365 (9%) | 2 | United States, China, South Korea | 24 (4%) |
3 | Singapore, China | 226 (5%) | 3 | Australia, United States, China | 17 (3%) |
4 | Hong Kong, China | 222 (5%) | 4 | United States, China, United Kingdom | 17 (3%) |
5 | United States, South Korea | 215 (5%) | 5 | United States, China, Canada | 16 (3%) |
6 | Japan, China | 118 (3%) | 6 | Belgium, China, United Kingdom | 13 (2%) |
7 | China, Canada | 105 (2%) | 7 | Australia, Hong Kong, China | 11 (2%) |
8 | China, United Kingdom | 104 (2%) | 8 | United States, China, Saudi Arabia | 11 (2%) |
9 | Germany, China | 90 (2%) | 9 | United States, Germany, China | 9 (1%) |
10 | United States, Canada | 67 (2%) | 10 | Australia, China, South Korea | 8 (1%) |
Rank | Topic 1 | Topic 2 | Topic 3 | Topic 4 | Topic 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Capacity | Lithium | Electrolyte | Battery | Sulfur |
2 | High | Ion | High | Model | Battery |
3 | Material | Material | Lithium | Lithium | High |
4 | Ion | Battery | Battery | Ion | Polysulfide |
5 | Performance | Electrode | Cell | Energy | Oxygen |
6 | Cycle | Phase | Anode | Method | Reaction |
7 | Battery | Electrochemical | Metal | Temperature | Carbon |
8 | Anode | Cathode | Solid | Base | Cathode |
9 | Carbon | High | Capacity | Charge | Performance |
10 | Lithium | Structure | Cycle | Cell | Energy |
Rank | Top 10 Joint Research by Two Countries | Number of Papers (Weight) | Rank | Top 10 Joint Research by Three Countries | Number of Papers (Weight) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | United States, China | 1675 (20%) | 1 | United States, China, Canada | 66 (4%) |
2 | Australia, China | 659 (8%) | 2 | United States, Hong Kong, China | 55 (4%) |
3 | China, United Kingdom | 417 (5%) | 3 | Australia, United States, China | 54 (3%) |
4 | Hong Kong, China | 417 (5%) | 4 | United States, China, South Korea | 28 (2%) |
5 | China, Canada | 364 (4%) | 5 | United States, China, United Kingdom | 28 (2%) |
6 | Singapore, China | 320 (4%) | 6 | Australia, Japan, China | 22 (1%) |
7 | Japan, China | 281 (3%) | 7 | Australia, Hong Kong, China | 21 (1%) |
8 | United States, South Korea | 239 (3%) | 8 | Singapore, United States, China | 20 (1%) |
9 | Germany, China | 156 (2%) | 9 | United States, China, Saudi Arabia | 18 (1%) |
10 | China, South Korea | 135 (2%) | 10 | United States, Germany, Taiwan | 18 (1%) |
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An, H.; Cho, K. Data Analysis of Global Research Cooperation Patterns in the Secondary Battery Industry. Energies 2024, 17, 3030. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17123030
An H, Cho K. Data Analysis of Global Research Cooperation Patterns in the Secondary Battery Industry. Energies. 2024; 17(12):3030. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17123030
Chicago/Turabian StyleAn, Hojin, and Keuntae Cho. 2024. "Data Analysis of Global Research Cooperation Patterns in the Secondary Battery Industry" Energies 17, no. 12: 3030. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17123030
APA StyleAn, H., & Cho, K. (2024). Data Analysis of Global Research Cooperation Patterns in the Secondary Battery Industry. Energies, 17(12), 3030. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17123030