Exploring Digital Twins in the Transport and Energy Fields: A Bibliometrics and Literature Review Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) represents the components of digital twins that analyse, interpret, orchestrate and optimise the operation of the physical twin [15];
- Data analytics enables analysis of data to describe, diagnose, predict and prescribe actions to optimise the operation of the physical twin [15];
- Cloud computing platforms are fundamental components of virtual replicas (digital twins) of observed real-world objects [15].
- RQ1:
- What are the main topics included in the research so far in the fields connecting digital twins, logistics and/or transport and energy consumption?
- RQ2:
- What areas and environments are digital twins most used concerning these topics, and how do they take energy consumption in regard?
- RQ3:
- What objectives does the introduction of a digital twin have?
2. Methodology
- Publications containing logistics and transport operations in at least some part of the research, regardless of the primary industry of research;
- Publications focusing on the design of transport means, vehicle modelling, testing, etc., were discarded;
- Publications with enough information in English (title, abstract, keywords) were included in the bibliometrics analysis even if the full publications were not in English (they were excluded from the qualitative review);
- Publications had to contain content on energy or fuel distribution or consumption; the energy sector was also included.
- Publications had to contain either supply chain, logistics or transport field;
- Publications were classified into different transport types regarding their scope, i.e., external, internal and general transport, whole supply chain or logistics system and networks;
- Publications were further divided into different modalities: road, rail, urban, air, maritime, pipeline and general transport, intelligent transport systems and other modality;
- Criteria about usage environment divided publications into fragmented groups of potential use, such as manufacturing, smart city or city, air mobility, functionalities of a product or system etc.;
- Publications were reviewed by energy criteria regarding energy or fuel distribution or consumption;
- Content of each publication included at least one constant multitude of supply chain systems, which are product, service, process or a system [13];
- Publications’ inclusion was also reflected through the digital twin objective, classified as system management, system optimisation, system design, system planning, risk management, process management, process optimisation, product management and product design;
- The last criteria encompassed other technological tools used or researched in the reviewed publications.
3. Results
3.1. Authorship and Source Analysis
3.2. Citation Analysis
3.3. Keyword Analysis
3.4. The Use of Digital Twins’ Technology in Logistics and Transport
- Air, road, rail, pipeline and urban (1);
- Air and urban (1);
- Maritime, air and road (1);
- Maritime, road and rail (1);
- Road and intelligent transport systems (2).
- City and air mobility (1);
- City and e-mobility (1);
- City and streetlights (1);
- Manufacturing and smart city (2);
- Smart city and air mobility (1).
- Artificial intelligence, augmented and virtual reality, 3D engineering and printing, Internet of Things, machine learning, cloud, blockchain and data analytics (1);
- Artificial intelligence, edge computing and machine learning (1);
- Artificial intelligence and big data (1);
- Artificial intelligence and Internet of Things (1);
- Artificial intelligence and big data (1);
- Machine learning and data analytics (1);
- Internet of Things and machine learning (2);
- Edge computing and cloud (1).
- cloud, blockchain, big data, data analytics and virtual reality (2);
- 3D engineering and printing, augmented reality cyber-physical systems (1).
- Framework and case study (1);
- Framework and theoretical implementation (1);
- Framework, theoretical implementation and analysis (1);
- Methodology, implementation and analysis (1);
- Model, implementation and analysis (8);
- Model, implementation, analysis and case study (1);
- Model, simulation and analysis (11);
- Model, simulation, analysis and case study (1);
- Model, theoretical implementation and analysis (2);
- Review and theoretical implementation (1).
4. Discussion
- The most common field of digital twins use for transport purposes is undoubtedly logistics, and the least common are supply chain management and transport infrastructure;
- External transport is researched much more often, as it can lead to more significant challenges and, at the same time, greater advantages;
- Road transport is leading in the frequency of research since it is used daily;
- When speaking about the usage environment of digital twins in transport, most publications focus on smart cities;
- Energy consumption prevails in the publications, whereby fuel consumption is not necessarily the focal point;
- In the constant multitudes of supply chain systems section, publications focus the most on systems;
- Most common digital twins’ objective are system management and optimisation;
- Internet of Things prevails in the literature review as most often appearing other technology tools used;
- Most publications are model presentations and analyses.
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Authors, Publication Year | Field | Transport Type | Modality | Usage Environment | Energy Distribution/Consumption | Constant Multitude of SC Systems | Digital Twin Objective | Other Used Tools | Implementation Level |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vechart and Kawecki, 2015 [69] | SCM | EXT | Air | City; Air mobility | N/I | PROD; SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG | N/I | THEO IMPL |
Sládek and Maryška, 2018 [59] | LOG | EXT | N/I | City; E-mobility | E-CON | PROC; SYS | SYS-DSG; RSK-MNG | AI; AR; VR; 3D; IoT; ML; CLO; BLOC; D-ANA | REV |
Defraeye, Tagliavini, Wu, Prawiranto, Schudel, Assefa Kerisima, Verboven and Bühlmann, 2019 [36] | SCM | EXT | Mar; Air | International | N/I | PROD; PROC; SYS | PROC-OPT | N/I | THEO IMPL |
Nikander, Autiosalo and Paavolainen, 2019 [70] | LOG | EXT | OTH | N/I | N/I | PROC; SYS | SYS-OPT | N/I | THEO IMPL |
Jetter, 2019 [71] | LOG | INT | OTH | Buildings | E-CON | SER | SYS-MNG; SYS-DSG; SYS-PLAN; RSK-MNG | N/I | THEO IMPL |
O’Dwyer, Pan, Acha, Gibbons and Shah, 2019 [72] | SC | EXT | Ur | Smart city | E-CON | SYS | SYS-MNG; RSK-MNG | N/I | MOD; IMPL; ANA |
Wang, Zhang and Zhong, 2020 [35] | LOG | INT | ITS | Manufacturing | E-CON | PROD; SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; RSK-MNG; PROD-DSG; PROC-OPT | CPS | MOD; IMPL; ANA |
Diaz, Ghita, Copot, Birs, Muresan and Ionescu, 2020 [73] | SC; LOG | GEN | GEN | General | E-CON | SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; PROC-MNG; PROC-OPT | N/I | REV |
Al-Ali, Gupta, Batool, Landolsi, Aloul and Nabulsi, 2020 [15] | LOG | EXT | Ro; ITS | Manufacturing | E-CON | PROD; PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; PROC-MNG; PROD-MNG | ML | C-MOD |
Shrivastava, Berry, Cronje and Defraeye, 2020 [74] | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
Guo, Wu, Liang, Hu and Liu, 2020 [75] | TRANS | EXT | Ra | Smart city | E-DIS | SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-DSG; SYS-PLAN | N/I | C-MOD |
Liu, Zhang, Ren, Yang, Wang and Huisingh, 2020 [37] | LOG | INT | GEN | Manufacturing | E-CON | PROD; SER | PROD-MNG | N/I | REV |
deMeer, 2020 [76] | LOG | INT | OTH | Manufacturing | E-DIS | SYS | PROC-MNG | N/I | CaStu |
Moghadam, Foroozan, Gheisarnejad and Khooban, 2021 [77] | SC | EXT | Mar | Boats | E-CON | PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-OPT; RSK-MNG | N/I | THEO IMPL |
Lu, Jiang, Chen, Gu, Gao and Zhang, 2021 [60] | TRANS | EXT | Ur | Smart city | E-DIS | PROC; SYS | SYS-DSG; SYS-PLAN; PROC-MNG | AI; Ed-Comp; ML | MOD; IMPL; ANA |
Meshalkin, 2021 [57] | SC | WLS | N/I | Manufacturing | E-CON | PROD; SER; PROC; SYS | RSK-MNG; PROC-OPT; PROD-DSG | N/I | REV |
Saroj, Roy, Guin and Hunter, 2021 [78] | LOG | EXT | Ro | Smart city | E-CON | SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-DSG; SYS-PLAN | N/I | MOD; IMPL; ANA |
Opoku, Perera, Osei-Kyei and Rashidi, 2021 [33] | LOG | INT | N/I | Construction industry | E-CON | PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG | N/I | REV |
Kuo, Pilati, Qu and Huang, 2021 [79] | LOG | INT; EXT | Ur | Manufacturing; Smart city | E-CON | SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; PROC-MNG; PROD-MNG | N/I | REV |
Callcut, Cerceau Agliozzo, Varga and McMillan, 2021 [80] | SC | EXT | Air; Ro; Ra; Pip; Ur | N/I | E-CON | PROD; SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-OPT | ML; D-ANA | REV |
Liu, Li, Bai, Luo, Lv and Lv, 2021 [58] | TRANS | EXT | Mar | International | E-CON | SYS | SYS-OPT; SYS-DSG; RSK-MNG | IoT | MOD; THEO IMPL; ANA |
Malé and Lagier, 2021 [81] | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
Portapas, Zaidi, Bakunowicz, Paddeu, Valera-Medina, Didey, 2021 [82] | SC; LOG; TRANS | EXT | Mar; Air; Ro | Smart city; Air mobility | E-CON; E-DIS | SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-DSG; RSK-MNG | N/I | C-MOD |
Wanner, Bahr, Full, Weeber, Birke and Sauer, 2021 [83] | SC; LOG | N/I | N/I | Manufacturing | E-CON | PROD; PROC; SYS | PROD-MNG | N/I | THEO IMPL |
Bhatti, Mohan and Raja Singh, 2021 [34] | TRANS | EXT | Ro; ITS | Smart city | E-CON | PROD; SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; PROD-MNG | IoT; ML | REV |
Paprocki, 2021 [56] | TRANS | EXT | Air | Airport hub | E-CON | SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-OPT; PROC-MNG; PROC-OPT | AI; BD | MOD; SIM; ANA |
Ivanov, 2022 [84] | SC | WSCS | N/I | N/I | E-CON | PROD; SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-OPT; RSK-MNG | N/I | MOD; SIM; ANA; CaStu |
Sleiti, Al-Ammari, Vesely and Kapat, 2022 [54] | TRANS | EXT | Pip | Functionalities | E-CON | SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; RSK-MNG; PROC-MNG; PROD-MNG | N/I | FRAM; THEO IMPL; ANA |
Yang, Park and Kim, 2022 [85] | TRANS | EXT | Ro | Smart city | E-CON | SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; PROC-MNG; PROD-MNG | N/I | MOD; SIM; ANA |
Xu, Liu, Bilal, Vimal and Song, 2022 [62] | TRANS | EXT | Ro; ITS | Smart city | N/I | PROD; SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; PROC-MNG | Ed-Comp | MOD; SIM; ANA |
Chen, Chen, Miao, Wang and Zhao, 2022 [61] | N/I | NET | N/I | Industrial networks | E-CON | SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-OPT | Ed-Comp; CLO | MOD; SIM; ANA |
Akkad, Haidar and Bányai, 2022 [86] | SC; LOG; TRANS | EXT | Ro | Smart city | E-CON | SER; PROC; SYS | N/I | IoT | MOD; IMPL; ANA |
Liao, Wu, Bashir, Yang, Li and Tariq, 2022 [87] | SC | EXT | ITS | Smart city | N/I | SER; PROC; SYS | PROC-MNG; PROC-OPT | BLOC | MOD; SIM; ANA |
Traoré and Ducq, 2022 [88] | SC; LOG; TRANS | EXT | Ur | Smart city | E-CON | SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-OPT; PROC-MNG | N/I | THEO IMPL |
Jeong, Baek, Lim, Kim, Kim, Lee, Jung and Lee, 2022 [89] | LOG | EXT | Ro | Manufacturing; Smart city | N/I | PROD; SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-OPT; PROC-MNG; PROC-OPT | N/I | REV |
Steinmetz, Schroeder, Binotto, Panikkar, Papenfuβ, Schmidt, Rettberg, Pereira, 2022 [90] | SC | EXT | Ro | Smart city | N/I | PROD; SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-OPT | IoT | MOD; SIM; ANA |
Tu, Qiao, Nowak, Lv and Lv, 2022 [91] | TRANS INF | EXT | ITS | Smart city | N/I | PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; PROC-MNG | N/I | MOD; SIM; ANA |
Zhao, Fu, Sun, Pu and Luo, 2022 [52] | SC; LOG; TRANS | WLS | OTH | Construction industry | E-CON; F-CON | PROD; SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-OPT; PROC-MNG; PROC-OPT; PROD-MNG | N/I | FRAM; CaStu |
Hammerschmid, Konrad, Werner, Popov and Müller, 2022 [92] | LOG | NET | N/I | Smart city | E-DIS | PROC-MNG | MOD; SIM; ANA | ||
Casavola, Franzé, Gagliardi and Tedesco, 2022 [93] | SC | N/I | N/I | City; Streetlights | E-CON | PROD; SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-OPT; SYS-PLAN; PROD-MNG | N/I | MOD; SIM; ANA |
Zhan, Wu, Shen, Liao, Zhao and Xia, 2022 [94] | LOG | N/I | N/I | Warehouse | E-CON | SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-PLAN; RSK-MNG; PROC-MNG; PROC-OPT | IoT; ML | MOD; THEO IMPL; ANA |
Wu, Shen, Zhao, Li and Huang, 2022 [95] | LOG | INT | OTH | Manufacturing | E-CON | PROD; SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-PLAN; PROC-OPT; PROD-MNG | IoT | MOD; IMPL; ANA |
Stahl and Reiterer, 2022 [96] | SC | EXT | Ur | Smart city | E-CON | SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-OPT; PROC-MNG; PROC-OPT; PROD-MNG | N/I | C-MOD |
Aguiar, Fernandes, Guerreiro, Tomas, Agnelo, Santos, Araujo, Coelho, Fonseca, d’Orey, Luis and Sargento, 2022 [97] | TRANS | EXT | Ro | Smart city | N/I | PROD; SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-OPT; PROC-MNG; PROC-OPT | IoT | MOD; SIM; ANA |
Priyanka and Thangavel, 2022 [98] | TRANS | EXT | Pip | Functionalities | N/I | PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-OPT; RSK-MNG; PROD-MNG; PROD-OPT | IoT | MOD; IMPL; ANA |
Saroj, Trant, Guin, Hunter and Sartipi, 2022 [99] | SC | EXT | Ro | Smart city | E-CON; F-CON | SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-OPT; RSK-MNG; PROC-MNG; PROC-OPT; PROD-MNG | N/I | FRAM; THEO IMPL |
Agostinelli, Cumo, Nezhad, Orsini and Piras, 2022 [100] | TRANS | EXT | Mar; Ro; Ra | Diverse | E-CON | SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-OPT; SYS-PLAN | AI; IoT | MOD; IMPL; ANA; CaStu |
Michalik, Kohl and Kummert, 2022 [101] | TRANS | EXT | Ro | Smart city | N/I | SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-OPT; SYS-PLAN; PROC-OPT; PROD-MNG | VR | METH; IMPL; ANA |
Kaleybar, Brenna, Castelli-Dezza and Zaninelli, 2022 [102] | TRANS | EXT | Ra | Smart grid | E-CON; E-DIS | SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-OPT | N/I | MOD; IMPL; ANA |
Agavanakis, Cassiam Drombry and Elkaim, 2022 [53] | SC; LOG; TRANS | EXT | N/I | International | E-CON; F-CON | SYS | SYS-OPT; RSK-MNG; PROC-OPT | N/I | CaStu |
ElSayed and Mohamed, 2022 [26] | LOG | EXT | Ur; Air | UAVs | E-CON | PROD; SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-OPT; PROC-OPT; RSK-MNG | N/I | FRAM |
Newrzella, Franklin and Haider, 2022 [103] | SC; LOG; TRANS | EXT | Ro | Functionalities | E-SEC | PROD; SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-OPT; SYS-PLAN | N/I | REV; THEO IMPL |
Yang, Meng, He, Wang and Gao, 2022 [27] | LOG | EXT | Mar | Port | E-CON | PROD; SER; PROC; SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-OPT; PROC-MNG; PROC-OPT | N/I | MOD; SIM; ANA |
Ciampolini, Balduzzi, Romani, Bellucci, Bianchini and Ferrara, 2022 [104] | TRANS | EXT | Mar | Boats | F-CON | PROD; SER; PROC | PROC-MNG; PROD-MNG; PROD-OPT | N/I | PROT |
Alva, Biljecki and Stouffs, 2022 [51] | LOG | EXT | Ur | Freight transport | E-CON | SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-OPT; PROC-MNG; PROC-OPT | N/I | REV |
Yu, Zhaoyu, Yifen, Nengling and Jun, 2023 [105] | SC; LOG; TRANS | EXT | Mar | Port | E-CON; E-DIS | SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-OPT; SYS-PLAN | AI | THEO IMPL |
Avdienko and Tretyakov, 2023 [106] | TRANS INF | EXT | Ra | Functionalities | N/I | SYS | SYS-MNG; SYS-OPT; PROC-MNG; PROC-OPT | IoT; BD | REV |
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Publication | Number of Citations in the Literature Pool |
---|---|
Tao [38] | 4 |
Rasheed [39] | 4 |
Schellenberger [40] | 4 |
Rosen [41] | 3 |
Kritzinger [42] | 3 |
Fuller [43] | 3 |
Keyword | Occurrences among All Keywords | Occurrence among Author Keywords |
---|---|---|
Digital twin | 38 | 35 |
Internet of things | 13 | 8 |
Smart city | 12 | 9 |
Energy utilisation | 10 | / |
Decision support | 9 | 3 |
Simulation and modelling | 8 | 3 |
Urban transport | 7 | 2 |
Real-time systems | 7 | 2 |
Energy efficient | 7 | / |
Classification in Appendix A | Reviewed Field | Frequency |
---|---|---|
LOG | Logistics | 24 |
TRANS | Transport | 21 |
SC | Supply chain | 19 |
SCM | Supply chain management | 2 |
TRANS INF | Transport infrastructure | 2 |
N/I | Not identified | 1 |
Classification in Appendix A | Reviewed Transport Type | Frequency |
---|---|---|
EXT | External transport | 40 |
INT | Internal transport | 7 |
NET | Network | 2 |
WLS | Whole logistics system | 2 |
GEN | General transport | 1 |
WSCS | Whole supply chain system | 1 |
N/I | Not identified | 3 |
Classification in Appendix A | Reviewed Modality | Frequency |
---|---|---|
Ro | Road transport | 15 |
Ur | Urban transport | 8 |
Mar | Maritime transport | 8 |
Air | Air transport | 6 |
ITS | Intelligent Transport System | 6 |
Ra | Rail transport | 5 |
OTH | Other | 5 |
Pip | Pipeline transport | 3 |
GEN | General transport | 2 |
N/I | Not identified | 10 |
Reviewed Usage Environment | Frequency |
---|---|
Smart city | 20 |
Manufacturing | 9 |
Functionalities | 4 |
City | 3 |
International | 3 |
Not identified | 3 |
Classification in Appendix A | Reviewed Energy Distribution/Consumption | Frequency |
---|---|---|
E-CON | Energy consumption | 37 |
E-DIS | Energy distribution | 7 |
F-CON | Fuel consumption | 4 |
E-SEC | Energy sector | 1 |
N/I | Not identified | 12 |
Classification in Appendix A | Reviewed Constant Multitude of SC System | Frequency |
---|---|---|
SYS | System | 52 |
PROC | Process | 39 |
SER | Service | 31 |
PROD | Product | 21 |
Classification in Appendix A | Reviewed Digital Twin Objective | Frequency |
---|---|---|
SYS-MNG | System management | 39 |
SYS-OPT | System optimisation | 26 |
PROC-MNG | Process management | 23 |
PROC-OPT | Process optimisation | 19 |
RSK-MNG | Risk management | 15 |
PROD-MNG | Product management | 15 |
SYS-PLAN | System planning | 11 |
SYS-DSG | System design | 7 |
PROD-DSG | Product design | 2 |
N/I | Not identified | 1 |
Classification in Appendix A | Reviewed Other Used Tools | Frequency |
---|---|---|
IoT | Internet of Things | 11 |
AI | Artificial intelligence | 5 |
ML | Machine learning | 4 |
Ed-Comp | Edge computing | 3 |
N/I | Not identified | 33 |
Classification in Appendix A | Reviewed Implementation Level | Frequency |
---|---|---|
ANA | Analysis | 25 |
MOD | Model | 23 |
THEO IMPL | Theoretical implementation | 13 |
REV | Review | 12 |
SIM | Simulation | 12 |
IMPL | Implementation | 10 |
CaStu | Case study | 5 |
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Kajba, M.; Jereb, B.; Cvahte Ojsteršek, T. Exploring Digital Twins in the Transport and Energy Fields: A Bibliometrics and Literature Review Approach. Energies 2023, 16, 3922. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093922
Kajba M, Jereb B, Cvahte Ojsteršek T. Exploring Digital Twins in the Transport and Energy Fields: A Bibliometrics and Literature Review Approach. Energies. 2023; 16(9):3922. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093922
Chicago/Turabian StyleKajba, Milena, Borut Jereb, and Tina Cvahte Ojsteršek. 2023. "Exploring Digital Twins in the Transport and Energy Fields: A Bibliometrics and Literature Review Approach" Energies 16, no. 9: 3922. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093922