Electromobility and Renewable Energy Sources: Comparison of Attitudes and Infrastructure in Poland and Germany

Abstract

In the face of global challenges related to climate change and sustainable development, comparing attitudes and infrastructure in the field of electromobility and renewable energy sources in different countries becomes crucial. The question of differences and similarities between Poland and Germany in these areas sheds light on the unique challenges and opportunities that the two countries present to each other. The aim of the study is to understand these dynamics, which can contribute to the shaping of more effective policies and strategies for green energy and sustainable mobility. This study was conducted through a review of Polish and foreign literature, the use of the method of tabular comparisons, and the analysis of a questionnaire that was used. These complex methods combined both quantitative and qualitative analysis, which allowed for an in-depth understanding and comparison of attitudes and infrastructure related to electromobility and renewable energy sources in Poland and Germany. The study revealed significant differences and similarities between Poland and Germany in terms of electromobility and renewable energy sources. Germany shows a higher level of urbanization, a higher share of electric car ownership, and better charging infrastructure, while in Poland there is a strong belief in the key role of renewable energy sources. These findings may have implications for future green energy initiatives and policies in both countries. The study presents a complex picture of electromobility and renewable energy sources in Poland and Germany, showing clear differences in awareness, infrastructure, and attitudes. Germany seems to be more advanced in these areas, while Poland shows a strong commitment to renewable energy sources. These conclusions do not exaggerate the differences, but underline the need for a case-by-case approach to green energy strategies in both countries.

1. Introduction

As the global community grapples with the escalating challenges of climate change and seeks pathways to sustainable development, the roles of electromobility and renewable energy sources have become increasingly salient. Recent studies have delved into various aspects related to environmental sustainability and climate change adaptation, underscoring the importance of intergenerational fairness and policy formulation [1]. Furthermore, the public’s environmental concerns and regulatory frameworks have been examined, especially in contexts such as China where rapid industrialization poses both challenges and opportunities [2]. Another layer of complexity is added by the direct implications of energy demand and CO₂ emissions on public health, as demonstrated in case studies focusing on urban transport sectors [3]. This study aims to contribute to this growing body of research by examining the attitudes and infrastructure related to electromobility and renewable energy in Poland and Germany.

Electromobility and renewable energy sources are both crucial elements in the global shift towards sustainability. The attitudes and infrastructure supporting these developments can vary greatly between countries, reflecting economic, political, and cultural contexts. This study aims to perform a comparative analysis of the attitudes and infrastructure related to electromobility and renewable energy between Poland and Germany.

Specific Objectives: To evaluate the current state of electromobility and renewable energy infrastructure in Poland and Germany. To compare societal attitudes towards electromobility and renewable energy in Poland and Germany. To identify challenges and opportunities in the adoption of electromobility and renewable energy in these countries.

The imperative for this research stems from the urgent global need to transition to sustainable energy systems for mitigating climate change. Understanding the divergent approaches and challenges faced by Poland and Germany could offer valuable insights for policy formulation and societal engagement strategies in the broader context of sustainability.

Here, we compare Poland and Germany in terms of their electromobility and renewable energy sources [4].

Poland has shown growing interest in electromobility. There is a recognition of the importance of shifting away from fossil fuels, especially considering Poland’s dependence on coal. However, the general populace may still have reservations due to higher upfront costs and the lack of charging infrastructure [5,6,7,8].

Poland’s electric vehicle (EV) infrastructure is still developing, with an increasing number of charging stations, especially in urban areas. The government has implemented incentives to encourage EV adoption, but the transition is gradual. High costs, limited charging networks, and lack of consumer awareness are some of the challenges Poland faces in advancing electromobility [9,10,11].

Germany’s population generally has a more favorable view towards electromobility, supported by strong political commitments and societal push for environmental sustainability [12,13,14,15,16].

Germany boasts one of the largest networks of charging stations in Europe, and its automotive industry is investing heavily in electric vehicles. The government provides various incentives, including subsidies for purchasing EVs [17,18,19,20,21].

Despite the advancements, some rural areas still lack adequate charging infrastructure, and there are concerns regarding grid capacity and reliability [22].

The transition to renewable energy in Poland is complex due to the country’s significant reliance on coal. There is growing acceptance of renewable energy, but also resistance from sectors tied to traditional energy sources [23,24].

Poland’s renewable energy infrastructure mainly consists of wind and solar energy, but it is still relatively limited compared to that of Western European countries. Government policies and EU funds are aiding the transition, but progress is slow [25,26,27,28,29].

The major challenges include political resistance, transitioning from a coal-dependent economy, and the need for more investment in infrastructure and technology. Germany has been a leader in the renewable energy movement, with strong public support for transitioning away from fossil fuels. Germany’s infrastructure for renewable energy is well developed, with a large portion of its energy coming from wind, solar, and hydroelectric power. The Energiewende (“energy turnaround”) policy aims to phase out nuclear power and reduce fossil fuels [30,31,32,33,34,35,36].

Balancing energy supply and demand, managing grid stability, and addressing regional disparities in energy access are some of the challenges faced by Germany [37,38,39,40].

Germany is further ahead in both electromobility and renewable energy development, reflecting its wealth, industrial base, and societal attitudes towards environmental sustainability. Poland, although making progress, faces more significant challenges, particularly in breaking away from coal and in developing the necessary infrastructure for electromobility and renewable energy. The comparison underscores the importance of political will, societal attitudes, and economic factors in shaping the energy transition within different national contexts.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Analysis of the Polish Energy and Electromobility Market

The Polish energy market is characterized by a large share of hard coal in electricity production. In 2020, this share was around 70%, which was one of the highest rates in Europe [41,42,43]. At the same time, Poland committed itself to a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and the aim of achieving climate neutrality by 2050. Therefore, in Poland, we can observe gradual changes towards the production of energy from renewable sources, such as wind, sun, or biomass. In 2020, the share of energy from renewable sources was around 20%, which is still lower compared to that in other EU countries [44,45].

Research manuscripts reporting large datasets that are deposited in a publicly available database should specify where the data have been deposited and provide the relevant accession numbers. If the accession numbers have not yet been obtained at the time of submission, please state that they will be provided during review. They must be provided prior to publication [46,47,48,49,50].

When characterizing the energy market, it should be noted that electricity production amounted to:

• 2020—171.9 TWh;
• 2021—177.8 TWh;
• 2022—182.5 TWh.

The scale of the use of energy sources generating electricity in Poland (in %) is as follows: coal—76.9% (2020), 74.6% (2021), 71.5% (2022); wind—7.3% (2020), 9.6% (2021), 11.2% (2022); and gas—5.7% (2020), 6.4% (2021), 7.2% (2022). In total, 23.1% (2020), 25.4% (2021), and 28.5% (2022) were obtained from renewable sources [51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58].

It should be emphasized that the current guidelines of the European transport policy impose on the Member States the need to develop alternative fuel infrastructure. These challenges were presented in the White Paper of the European Commission and in the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council. Their goal is to reduce dependence on oil in the transport sector and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Poland responded to these challenges by adopting the Strategy for Responsible Development, of which the Electromobility Development Program is an important element. Unfortunately, despite the ambitious goals set by the strategy, the number of electric cars in Poland is still very low [59,60,61,62,63].

According to research, one of the reasons for this is the lack of proper charging infrastructure, which makes it difficult to use electric cars. The National Policy Framework for the Development of Alternative Fuels Infrastructure predicted a significant increase in the number of registered electric cars in Poland in 2020 and 2025. However, the number of registered vehicles is now much lower than expected. In Poland, the share of electric cars in the automotive market is only 0.02%. In Poland, where energy production is still largely based on coal, these benefits are not as obvious as in countries where energy comes mainly from renewable sources. Nevertheless, the development of electromobility is necessary to meet the climate goals and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, which has been recognized by the European Commission [64,65,66,67,68].

In Poland, the development of alternative fuel infrastructure, including electromobility, is mainly implemented as part of the Electromobility Development Programme, which assumes, e.g., construction of charging stations and financial support for entrepreneurs investing in electromobility. Nevertheless, the results of the implementation of the program so far are definitely lower than assumed, which suggests the need for further action to popularize electromobility and facilitate access to charging [69,70,71,72,73,74].

The conclusions from the analysis of the Polish energy and electromobility market are clear, namely that the development of alternative fuels infrastructure is necessary to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the dependence of transport on oil. Poland is constantly taking action toward electromobility, but it still requires further support and development of charging infrastructure to increase interest in electric cars and accelerate the process of energy transformation. Poland currently lacks sufficient infrastructure for charging electric vehicles, which is one of the key factors limiting the development of electromobility [75,76,77,78,79,80]. According to the report of the Polish Fuel Chamber in 2021, there were only 204 fast charging stations in the country, which was one station per 1.6 million inhabitants. In comparison, in Germany there were about 9000 inhabitants per charging station. It is necessary to increase investments in the construction of infrastructure for charging electric vehicles, both in cities and on intercity routes. The Polish government’s Strategy for Responsible Development until 2020 assumed the construction of 6000 charging stations in the country by 2020, but in practice the construction of the infrastructure was not as dynamic as planned [81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88].

At the national level, a key document in the medium- and long-term economic policy of Poland is the Strategy for Responsible Development until 2020 (with a perspective until 2030), and its flagship project is the Electromobility Development Program. The strategy assumes i.a. an increase in cohesion in the social, economic, environmental, and territorial dimensions through the concentration of legal, institutional, and investment activities [89,90,91,92,93,94,95]. The National Policy Framework for the Development of Alternative Fuels Infrastructure, which is the implementation of the EU Directive 2014/94/EU on the development of alternative fuels infrastructure, indicates that as a result of the implemented actions aimed at influencing consumer behavior towards the choice of low-emission transport sources, in 2020 and 2025 approximately 77,000 vehicles will be registered, and over 1 million electric cars (

Table 1. Situation of electromobility in Poland [96,97,98,99,100].

Situation of Electromobility in Poland	Description
General approach to electromobility	Poland, striving to increase the share of clean technologies in transport, is investing in the development of electromobility. The government has adopted a strategy aimed at increasing the number of electric cars on Polish roads to 600,000 by 2030. Germany did not achieve its target for 2020. As of 1 January 2021, the number of electric cars in Germany amounted to 588,944 units, constituting 1.2% of all registered passenger vehicles. The objective for 2020 had been 1 million electric cars. According to the InsideEVs portal, over 680,000 new electric cars were registered in Germany in 2021. This indicates that the number of electric and hybrid cars in Germany has exceeded the estimated 800,000. Although Germany failed to meet its target of having 1 million electric cars on the road by the end of 2020, the adoption rate of electric vehicles (EVs) has shown significant growth in subsequent years. As of 1 January 2021, the country had 588,944 electric cars registered, representing 1.2% of all passenger vehicles. By the beginning of 2023, more than one million battery-electric cars were registered in Germany, indicating a substantial leap in adoption. This uptick aligns with data showing that approximately 17.8% of all new cars sold in Germany in 2022 were battery-electric, and an additional 13.7% were plug-in hybrids. Despite the adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the global semiconductor shortage on the automotive industry, new car registrations in Germany increased slightly in 2022, reaching 2.65 million units sold. Among these, nearly 823,900 units were battery or plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, making Germany the largest market for plug-in electric cars in Europe for that year. In the European context, the Tesla Model Y was the best-selling electric vehicle in the first nine months of 2022, with Tesla selling nearly 83,600 units. The Tesla Model 3 and Fiat 500 electric were also among the top sellers. The statistics from InsideEVs portal also confirm that over 680,000 new electric cars were registered in Germany in 2021 alone, pushing the total number of electric and hybrid cars beyond the estimated 800,000. Thus, Germany has demonstrated a remarkable acceleration in the adoption of electric vehicles, overcoming initial setbacks and steadily growing its market share of plug-in electric cars, both nationally and within Europe.
Charging infrastructure	According to reports, there are over 7000 public charging stations in Poland. There are also ambitious plans to expand this network, mainly focused on key cities and routes such as Warsaw, Krakow, Wroclaw, Poznan, and Gdansk.
Financial incentives and legal regulations	The Polish government has introduced various financial support programs for buyers of electric and hybrid vehicles. The subsidy can be up to PLN 37,000 for the purchase of a new electric car. There are also tax breaks and other benefits.
Local activities and regional initiatives	Many Polish cities run their own programs supporting electromobility, such as low emission zones or preferential parking rates for electric cars.
Production and market	Polish companies such as Solaris are active in the development and production of electric vehicles. These investments affect the availability and diversity of the offer on the Polish market, and attract investments from foreign manufacturers, such as Mercedes.
Selected Stats	It is estimated that in 2021 the number of electric and hybrid cars in Poland will exceed 100,000. The largest number of charging stations is located in the Mazowieckie, Wielkopolskie, and Śląskie voivodeships.

Source: own research based on the analysis of the literature on the subject.

).

Meanwhile, despite the fact that the number of newly registered electric cars powered solely by electricity is systematically growing year by year (Figure 1) in 2020 their number was 3954 and was 1.845% lower than assumed in the National Policy Framework for the Development of Alternative Fuels Infrastructure (Figure 4). The share of such vehicles in the automotive market in Poland is currently 0.02%. [101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108].

According to the findings of Zaniewska-Zielińska and research conducted among Polish drivers, the reason for such low interest in electric cars is, among others, the fact that electric cars are not charged at home, and the average daily distance of a car (about 23 km according to the Motor Transport Institute) can be driven without additional charging. However, the fear that at some point they will run out of power to continue their journey effectively discourages consumers from buying an electric car. With this in mind, on 11 January 2018, the Sejm of the Republic of Poland passed the Act on Electromobility and Alternative Fuels, which, in accordance with Art. 60, imposed an obligation on local government units to launch the appropriate infrastructure for charging electric cars by 31 March 2021. The minimum number of charging points at public charging stations is specified based on the demographic and transport characteristics of the commune (

Table 2. Situation of electromobility in Germany.

Situation of Electromobility in Germany
General approach to electromobility:	Germany, as one of the leaders in the field of innovation and automotive technology, is investing significantly in the development of electromobility. The federal government has adopted a strategy to increase the number of electric cars on German roads to 1 million by 2020 and to 6 million by 2030.
Charging infrastructure:	According to Bundesnetzagentur, there are more than 35,000 public charging stations in Germany. There are also ambitious plans to expand this network, with the main focus on key routes and cities such as Berlin, Munich, Hamburg, Frankfurt, and Stuttgart.
Financial incentives and legal regulations:	The German government has launched various financial support programs for buyers of electric and hybrid vehicles. The subsidy can be up to EUR 9000 for the purchase of a new electric car. There are also tax breaks and other benefits, such as the ability to use bus lanes. In 2020, Germany also introduced the “Charging Investment Programme”, which aims to expand public and private charging infrastructure.
Local activities and regional initiatives:	Many German cities run their own programs to support electromobility, such as low emission zones or preferential parking rates for electric cars.
Production and market:	German carmakers such as BMW, Mercedes, and Volkswagen are investing heavily in the development and production of electric cars. This affects the availability and diversity of the offer on the German market.
Selected Stats:	It was estimated that in 2021 the number of electric and hybrid cars in Germany would exceed 800,000. The highest numbers of charging stations are in Bavaria, North Rhine-Westphalia, and Baden-Württemberg.

Source: own research based on the analysis of the literature on the subject.

). Analyzing the data of the Central Statistical Office for 2018 on the number of inhabitants and vehicles, and referring to the guidelines contained in the above-mentioned Act, the cities with the largest number of stations for charging vehicles are Warsaw, Katowice, Krakow, Gdansk, Wroclaw, and Poznan. The cities with the fewest vehicle charging stations are Opole, Szczecin, Łódź, Rzeszów, Gdynia, Olsztyn, Kielce, and Lublin. When specifying the number of charging points installed at public charging stations, the legislator took into account charging points located along the route of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) [109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120].

Therefore, in September 2018, the General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways published a plan for the location of publicly available charging stations at Customer Service Points in the TEN-T core network. According to the submitted Plan, by 31 March 2021, charging stations should be located at 159 Service Areas (MOP) located along public A and S class national roads, i.e., along motorways and expressways [Table 2]. Taking advantage of the experience of other countries, where financial support instruments for buyers of electric vehicles were found to be a catalyst for the development of electromobility, on 26 June 2020, the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management and the Ministry of Climate launched the only program to date for individual customers, “Green Car”, under which it was possible to apply for subsidies for the purchase of an all-electric, factory-new M1 passenger car [121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130].

The purchased vehicles cannot be used for business activities within the meaning of EU competition law, including agricultural activities. Moreover, they cannot be entered in the register of fixed assets used in business activity. The support was provided in the form of a grant, and its maximum amount was PLN 18,750 (half that assumed in the program previously prepared by the Ministry of Energy) or up to 15% of eligible costs. The Ministry of Climate has also set an upper price limit for the supported vehicle. Its amount was set at PLN 125,000. Art. 39 sec. 1 of the Act refers to electromobility and alternative fuels, and to a commune with more than 100,000 inhabitants, for the area of downtown development (or in part), which is a cluster of intensive development in the downtown area specified in the local spatial development plan, and to the case of its absence. In the study of conditions and directions of the spatial development of the commune, in the area including roads in the commune administration, non-electric vehicles, hydrogen-powered vehicles, and natural gas-powered vehicles (energy combustion installations whose residual sulfur emissions are burned) reduce SOx emissions, but also cause CO₂ emissions as a greenhouse gas [131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140].

Taking into account the location indicated in the act on electromobility and alternative fuels of 11 January 2018, the minimum number of publicly available connections on 31 March 2021 (according to the Act, the operating range from one point will be 359 km) is not enough to ensure a comfortable journey between municipalities. The minimum number of public charging points is aimed to support electric cars, and the already existing significant discrepancies in the number of charging points between agglomerations and smaller towns and rural areas will be further expanded. It is estimated that, in 2019 in Poland, 49% of charging stations operated in larger cities.

With the increasing availability of chargers and technological progress, electromobility is becoming more and more attractive to drivers. The electric car models introduced to the market have an increasing range, and the development of fast charging technology allows the batteries to be fully charged in a short time. In addition, the growing environmental awareness of society and the regulations on exhaust emissions introduced in Poland will motivate drivers to choose low-emission vehicles [141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155].

In the field of electromobility in Poland, we observe a low share of electric vehicles in the total number of vehicles registered on the road. In 2020, this was less than 1%, which is much lower than the European average. However, in recent years, Poland has introduced a number of incentives and support programs for electromobility, such as programs to subsidize the purchase of electric vehicles, construction of charging infrastructure, or tax reliefs. The results of the analysis of the Polish energy and electromobility market indicate the need to quickly accelerate changes towards the production of energy from renewable sources and increasing the share of electromobility in Poland. The implementation of policies that encourage the use of renewable energy sources and electromobility can contribute to achieving climate goals, improving air quality, and increasing the innovation and competitiveness of the economy [156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165].

Characterizing the electromobility market, it should be noted that the number of registered electric and plug-in hybrid cars (as at the end of the year) was:

• 2020—37,572;
• 2021—91,393;
• 2022—190,000.

The number of public charging stations (as at the end of the year) amounted to:

• 2020—1358;
• 2021—3096;
• 2022—6000.

The allocation of funds for electromobility in Poland (in PLN million) was:

• 2020—477;
• 2021—585;
• 2022—720 [166,167,168,169,170].

The number of registered electric and plug-in hybrid cars in 2020 was 37,572. In 2021, there was a significant increase to 91,393, an increase of over 140% compared to the previous year. In 2022, this number increased to 190,000, a significant increase of more than 100% over 2021 [171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179].

In general, there is a strong and dynamic increase in interest in electric and plug-in hybrid cars in Poland, which may indicate growing environmental awareness and/or government incentives [180,181,182,183,184,185].

As with the number of registered cars, the number of charging stations has also increased significantly, from 1358 in 2020 to 3096 in 2021 (an increase of over 128%) and 6000 in 2022 (an increase of almost 94%) [186,187,188,189,190].

This demonstrates the efforts to build the appropriate infrastructure that is necessary to support the growing number of electric vehicles.

From year to year, we also observe an increase in funds allocated to the development of electromobility: from PLN 477 million in 2020, through PLN 585 million in 2021, to PLN 720 million in 2022 [191,192,193,194].

A gradual increase in funding may indicate an increased government commitment to promoting electromobility as part of an environmental and/or economic strategy.

These data indicate a strong and decisive development of the electromobility market in Poland. Both the demand for electric and plug-in hybrid cars, as well as the infrastructure necessary to support them, are growing at a pace that may suggest an effective policy to promote low-carbon technologies and the growing commitment of society towards more sustainable transport [195,196,197,198,199,200].

Table 1 presents the current picture of electromobility in Poland, reflecting the growing trend in the adoption of electric vehicles and charging infrastructure in recent years. This table illustrates key indicators such as the number of registered electric vehicles, available charging stations, CO₂ emissions, and government support for the electromobility sector [201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208].

Poland clearly aims to promote electromobility as a key element of the future of transport. The strategy to increase the number of electric cars to 600,000 by 2030 is an expression of this commitment.

The presence of over 7000 public charging stations and plans for further expansion show that Poland is focusing on eliminating one of the main barriers to the implementation of electric vehicles, which is the availability of charging.

Financial support programs, subsidies, tax breaks, and other benefits are a testimony to the government’s desire to make electric vehicles more affordable for citizens.

Local and regional measures such as low emission zones and preferential parking rates increase the attractiveness of owning an electric car in specific locations.

The involvement of Polish companies in the production and development of electric vehicles, as well as attracting foreign investments, testifies to the thriving and diverse electromobility market in Poland.

The number of electric and hybrid cars in Poland and the location of charging stations indicate the rapid growth of the electromobility market, especially in larger agglomerations.

In conclusion, it can be pointed out that Poland is undertaking various initiatives at various levels to promote electromobility. This is in line with global trends and reflects the growing role of electric transport as a key element of the country’s energy future. These investments have the potential to contribute to the reduction in pollutant emissions and increase sustainable economic development [209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230].

2.2. Analysis of the Germany Energy and Electromobility Market

The German energy market differs significantly from the Polish one, especially when it comes to the share of renewable energy sources. In 2020, the share of renewable energy was 50%, which is a significant improvement compared to Poland, where this indicator was 20% [231,232,233,234,235,236].

Electricity production in Germany in recent years was as follows:

• 2020—515.6 TWh;
• 2021—530.8 TWh
• 2022—546.1 TWh.

The structure of the use of energy sources for electricity generation in Germany (in %) was as follows: wind—27% (2020), 28% (2021), 30% (2022); sun—9% (2020), 10% (2021), 11% (2022); coal—28% (2020), 25% (2021), 22% (2022); and gas—14% (2020), 15% (2021), 16% (2022) [237,238].

Compared with Poland, Germany has a higher share of renewable energy sources, which is in line with its targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

The German electromobility market is much more advanced than that in Poland. In 2020, around 300,000 electric cars were registered in Germany, which is about 1% of the entire automotive market.

Germany invests much more in electric vehicle charging infrastructure than Poland. In 2021, there were about 35,000 charging stations in operation, which translates into one station for about 9000 inhabitants [239,240,241,242,243].

The German Electromobility Strategy assumes that by 2030 the number of electric cars will increase to 7–10 million. The German government supports the development of electromobility through various measures, such as subsidies for the purchase of electric cars or the construction of charging stations [244,245].

The German energy market is more diverse and relies much more on renewable energy sources than Poland. This is in line with Germany’s goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase the use of renewable energy [246,247,248].

When it comes to the electromobility market, Germany is much more advanced than Poland, with more registered electric cars and a better developed charging infrastructure.

The conclusions from the analysis of the German energy and electromobility market show that Germany is on track to meet its climate and energy goals. Its experience can be valuable for Poland in its pursuit of energy transformation and the development of electromobility [249,250,251,252].

Table 2 focuses on the current situation of electromobility in Germany, one of the leaders of this movement in Europe. It presents various aspects of this dynamic market, such as the number of electric vehicles, the availability of charging stations, government programs supporting technology adoption, and environmental impact.

Germany, as leaders in technology and innovation, is successfully investing in the development of electromobility. The government’s strategy to increase the number of electric vehicles clearly shows a long-term commitment to this area.

With over 35,000 public charging stations and ambitious expansion plans, Germany is aiming to create a coherent and effective infrastructure that will support the development of the electric vehicle market.

Substantial subsidies, tax breaks, and other benefits encourage consumers to invest in electric technology, which supports the transition to greener transport.

The differentiated approach in which cities and regions introduce their own support programs indicates an integrated and flexible approach to the promotion of electromobility. German car brands such as BMW, Mercedes, and Volkswagen play a key role in creating a diverse and accessible range of electric vehicles, which translates into increased demand. The estimation of the number of electric and hybrid vehicles, which exceeded 800,000 in 2021, and the distribution of charging stations in different regions, show that Germany is on track to meet its goals [253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260].

Germany is presenting itself as a role model in the field of electromobility, combining strategic planning, financial support, innovation in production, and integrated activities at various levels of government. The development of electromobility in Germany can serve as an inspiration and a model for other countries striving to increase sustainable transport and meet ecological goals.

Germany, as one of the most economically advanced countries in Europe, plays a key role in the development of electromobility. The country is known for its strong and innovative automotive industry, which plays a key role in the development of electric cars. In recent years, Germany has taken concrete steps to accelerate the transition to low-emission mobility [261,262,263,264,265].

Number of registered electric and plug-in hybrid cars (as at the end of the year):

• 2020—394,632;
• 2021—684,000;
• 2022—1 200 00034.

Number of public charging stations (as at the end of the year):

• 2020—33,107;
• 2021—44,000;
• 2022—60,00035.

Allocation of funds for electromobility in Germany (in EUR million):

• 2020—2500,
• 2021—3500,
• 2022—4 00036 [266,267,268,269,270].

The German government has initiated and supported numerous programs to promote electromobility, such as financial incentives for buyers of electric cars, investments in charging infrastructure, and research into new technologies. For example, the “Umweltbonus” support scheme offers subsidies for the purchase of new electric and plug-in hybrid cars.

Although Germany has been successful in promoting electromobility, there are also challenges, such as ensuring equal access to charging infrastructure in different regions of the country and integration into the energy system based on renewable energy sources. Germany plans to completely decarbonize the transport sector by 2035, which requires further investment and innovation in electric car technology.

Electromobility in Germany is growing at a rapid pace, with strong government support and the involvement of the automotive industry. The number of electric cars and charging points is increasing rapidly, and investments in technology and infrastructure are significant. Germany is a leader in the field of electromobility in Europe, and its experience can serve as an inspiration for other countries, including Poland, in their pursuit of sustainable transport.

3. Analysis of Innovative Renewable Energy Solutions in Germany

Germany is a world leader in renewable energy and its innovative approach and technologies can be seen in various aspects of the energy sector.

Germany is one of the leading countries in the field of offshore wind energy. Wind farms such as BARD Offshore 1 and Alpha Ventus are examples of modern projects that use the power of wind in the open sea to generate clean energy. Germany is a pioneer in the technology of solar photovoltaic panels. An example is the Solarpark Meuro solar farm, one of the largest in Europe. Germany is also researching new technologies, such as organic photovoltaic cells, which can contribute to the further development of this technology. Germany is a leader in the field of biogas technology. It uses agricultural and food waste as well as renewable biomass to generate energy. For example, the town of Güstrow is home to one of the largest biogas plants in Europe [271,272,273,274].

Germany is investing in integrated district heating and energy storage technologies, such as pumped power plants and batteries, enabling more flexible and efficient management of renewable energy. Germany is working to develop smart grids that can manage the growing amount of renewable energy in the system, improving the efficiency and reliability of energy supply. Famous projects include Vauban in Freiburg, where the entire district has been designed in a sustainable way, using renewable energy, passive design, and green infrastructure [275,276].

Germany continues to invest and innovate in the field of renewable energy, positioning itself as a global leader in this field. Its approach covers a variety of renewable energy sources and technologies, from offshore wind farms to advanced energy storage technologies and smart grids. The examples and experiences of Germany can serve as an inspiration for other countries, including Poland, in its pursuit of a sustainable energy future [277,278,279,280].

Table 3. Electromobility projects and initiatives in Germany [281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290].

Electromobility Projects and Initiatives in Germany
National Plan for the Development of Charging Infrastructure	Germany has introduced an ambitious plan to install at least 1 million charging points by 2030. The plan includes both public and private charging infrastructure, providing financial and regulatory support.
“Street Scooter” project	A project led by Deutsche Post DHL Group, aimed at the development and implementation of electric vans for the postal fleet. By using StreetScooter vehicles, the company has significantly increased the share of electromobility in its fleet.
BMW iChargeForward and Audi Projects	German carmakers such as BMW and Audi are undertaking various projects related to electromobility, including innovative charging and energy management systems, smart charging solutions, and integration with renewable energy sources.
“E-Mobility City”—Hamburg and Other Cities	Hamburg is one of the leading cities in electromobility, with an extensive charging infrastructure, a fleet of electric buses, and initiatives to promote electromobility among residents. Other cities such as Berlin, Munich, and Frankfurt are also investing in electromobility projects.
Electromobility in Public Transport	Many German cities are investing in electric buses and trams, supporting the transition to zero-emission public transport. Stuttgart is an example of a city with an extensive fleet of electric buses.
Cooperation with the Energy Industry	Germany promotes cooperation between the automotive and energy sectors to ensure an integrated approach to electromobility. Projects such as E-Mobility Power System Integration address the issues of integrating charging with renewable energy sources.
Incentives and Subsidies	The German government offers various forms of support to consumers and businesses, including subsidies for the purchase of electric vehicles, tax advantages and support for charging infrastructure.

Source: own research based on the analysis of the literature on the subject.

presents a complex picture of electromobility projects and initiatives in Germany. It reflects the variety of activities undertaken by the government, local authorities, car manufacturers, and other entities to promote and develop the electromobility sector in the country.

This table includes both large, national projects and more localized initiatives, taking into account aspects such as charging infrastructure, financial support, legal regulations, research and development, and cooperation between different sectors. This table can serve as a comprehensive resource for those who want to understand how Germany is committed to the future of electric transport.

Electromobility in Germany is a key part of the country’s transport and energy strategy. Investments in charging infrastructure, cooperation between various sectors, government support, and the involvement of the automotive industry contribute to the rapid development of electromobility. German experience and innovations can serve as inspiration for other countries, such as Poland, in their pursuit of sustainable and zero-emission transport.

4. Results

The research landscape surrounding the dynamics of societal and technological trends in Poland and Germany has been an area of extensive interest and exploration. As we endeavor to understand the intricacies between these two nations, particularly in the domains of demography, urbanization, electromobility, and renewable energy, a set of specific hypotheses emerges as focal points. Drawing from both our own insights and a comprehensive review of the existing literature, we present the following research hypotheses for verification:

Hypothesis 1 (H1). 

The age composition of the respondents is similar in Poland and Germany.

Hypothesis 2 (H2). 

The gender distribution is even in both countries.

Hypothesis 3 (H3). 

Germany has a higher level of urbanization than Poland.

Hypothesis 4 (H4). 

In Germany there is a higher percentage of owning electric cars than in Poland.

Hypothesis 5 (H5). 

The charging infrastructure for electric vehicles is better in Germany than in Poland.

Hypothesis 6 (H6). 

Opinions on government investments in electromobility are similar in Poland and Germany.

Hypothesis 7 (H7). 

There is greater awareness of projects related to electromobility in Germany than in Poland.

Hypothesis 8 (H8). 

Germans have a stronger belief in the importance of electromobility than Poles.

Hypothesis 9 (H9). 

Awareness of renewable energy sources is greater in Germany than in Poland.

Hypothesis 10 (H10). 

The belief in the key role of renewable energy sources is strong in Poland.

Both electromobility and renewable energy sources are becoming key topics for many countries in the light of growing environmental awareness and global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The current picture of the social attitude to these important issues is presented in the following survey results, conducted among 690 respondents in Germany and 746 respondents in Poland.

The two main sections into which the results are divided are electromobility and renewable energy sources. The first section focuses on aspects such as electric car ownership, purchase plans, opinions on charging infrastructure, and perceptions of government investment in electromobility. The second section focuses on attitudes towards renewable energy sources, including solar panels, and views on investing in this technology.

These results shed light on individual attitudes and plans, but also reveal interesting differences and similarities between Poland and Germany. A higher percentage of people owning electric cars and greater acceptance and commitment to renewable energy sources are visible in Germany. Similarities are also noticeable in the opinions on government investments in electromobility and charging infrastructure. Significant implications of these results could apply to government policies, corporate strategies, and the overall debate on a sustainable energy future.

Figure 1 presents an analysis of electric car ownership in Poland and Germany.

Figure 1. Analysis of electric car ownership in Poland and Germany [291,292,293]. Source: Authors’ own research.

Figure 1. Analysis of electric car ownership in Poland and Germany [291,292,293]. Source: Authors’ own research.

In Germany, electric car ownership is notably higher, with 30% of respondents indicating they own an electric car, compared to just 15% in Poland. This implies that Germany has double the percentage of electric car owners relative to Poland. Despite these differences, the majority of respondents in both Poland (85%) and Germany (70%) do not own an electric car, suggesting that electric vehicles have yet to become commonplace in either country.

The disparity in electric car ownership between the two nations may be attributed to a variety of factors such as the availability of charging infrastructure, the cost of electric cars, government policies on electromobility, and general public awareness and attitudes toward electromobility. These findings imply that Poland could benefit from increased investment in charging infrastructure and promotion of environmental awareness to elevate the acceptance and adoption of electric cars to a level comparable to that of Germany.

In conclusion, this analysis reveals a significant difference in electric car ownership between Poland and Germany and can serve as a foundational basis for further exploration into the factors contributing to these disparities.

Figure 2 offers an analysis of plans to purchase an electric car within the next five years in Poland and Germany.

It is noteworthy that 40% of respondents in Germany indicated plans to purchase an electric car within the next five years, compared to 25% in Poland. This suggests a higher level of interest and commitment to electromobility in Germany. Despite these diverging intentions, the majority of respondents in both countries—60% in Germany and 75% in Poland—do not plan to acquire an electric car in the same timeframe. This could imply that barriers such as cost, limited charging infrastructure, or perceptions of the technology are discouraging the adoption of electric cars.

The lower percentage of respondents in Poland planning to purchase an electric car may be attributed to factors such as higher vehicle prices, fewer charging points, limited government incentives, and varying levels of public awareness and attitudes toward electromobility. These findings could have implications for governments, automakers, and energy suppliers in both countries. In Poland, there might be room to enhance incentives for electric car purchases and investment in charging infrastructure to match the level of interest observed in Germany.

For automakers and dealers, these data can inform marketing strategies and product offerings tailored to the specific levels of interest and needs in each country. In conclusion, the analysis underscores significant disparities between Poland and Germany concerning future plans to purchase electric cars. Understanding these differences and the contributing factors could be vital for crafting effective strategies to encourage electromobility in both nations.

Figure 3 presents an analysis of the perception of electric car charging infrastructure in Poland and Germany. Here is a detailed interpretation of the results:

In Germany, 55% of respondents see the charging infrastructure as sufficient. This may suggest that there is a relatively good availability of charging points in Germany and that they are well distributed. In Poland, only 30% of respondents believe that the charging infrastructure is sufficient, while as many as 70% believe that it is insufficient. This may indicate the existence of significant barriers to access to charging electric cars in Poland. These differences may result from differences in government investments and charging infrastructure development strategies, as well as differences in urbanization (more large cities in Germany may mean better availability of charging points).

The negative perception of the charging infrastructure in Poland can be a serious barrier to the development of electromobility, limiting the interest and adoption of electric cars. This may require increased investment in infrastructure and/or communications to increase awareness of available charging options.

The perception of charging infrastructure can directly influence electric car purchase decisions. In Germany, where perception is positive, this may favor adoption, while in Poland it may act as a brake. Governments and businesses in Poland can benefit from these results by analyzing where gaps in the charging infrastructure may exist and how they can minimize them. In Germany, maintaining and possibly extending the current infrastructure may be crucial to maintaining a positive image.

In conclusion, Figure 3 shows significant differences in the perception of electric car charging infrastructure between Poland and Germany, with a clearly more positive picture in Germany. These results may have far-reaching implications for electromobility development strategies, investment planning, and marketing in both countries.

Figure 4 presents an analysis of opinions on government investments in electromobility in Poland and Germany.

Opinion is evenly divided in Germany, with 50% of respondents agreeing that the government is investing enough in electromobility and the remaining 50% disagreeing. This may suggest that there is some uncertainty in Germany about the level and effectiveness of government investments in electromobility.

In Poland, 65% of respondents believe that the government is not investing enough in electromobility, while only 35% agree that investments are at an appropriate level. This preponderance of negative opinions may indicate a widespread feeling that Poland is lagging behind in terms of electromobility.

These differences may reflect differences in perceptions of the effectiveness of government investment in the two countries, with a more positive perception in Germany.

These differences may be due to differences in the level of government investment, political priorities, communication strategies, and general awareness and education on electromobility in the two countries.

Negative perceptions of government investment in Poland may require more transparent and effective communication of government activities and a possible increase in investment. In Germany, divided opinions may indicate the need for further analysis and possible calibration of the investment strategy.

The perception of government investment can influence social engagement and private investment in electromobility. Negative perception may discourage private investment and hinder development in Poland.

These results can provide governments with clues as to how their investments and strategies are viewed by citizens, and where changes may be needed.

In conclusion, Figure 4 shows significant differences in the perception of government investments in electromobility between Poland and Germany. These results may have important implications for the development of electromobility, government investment planning, and communication strategies in both countries. In Germany, divided opinions may indicate a need for further study and understanding, while in Poland negative perceptions may call for decisive action.

Figure 5 presents an analysis of having solar panels or other renewable energy sources in homes in Poland and Germany.

Germany has 20% of respondents confirming the presence of solar panels or other renewable energy sources in their homes, while in Poland these respondents account for only 10%. Therefore, Germany has twice as many households with renewable energy sources.

Both countries show that a majority of respondents, 80% in Germany and 90% in Poland, do not have renewable energy sources. This dominant trend exists in both nations, although it is more pronounced Poland.

The difference of 10 percentage points between countries regarding possession of renewable energy sources may appear insignificant, yet it holds significance in the context of achieving sustainable development and fulfilling environmental goals.

Differences might be attributed to variations in government policy, financial incentives, education and awareness of renewables, availability of technology, and general attitudes towards sustainability.

Results might pinpoint areas where efforts to encourage and back renewable energy sources could be amplified, particularly in Poland, where the indicator is lower.

Low proportions of households utilizing renewable energy sources in both countries could affect the capacity to attain environmental and sustainable development goals.

Understanding why more households are not investing in renewables can lead to better marketing strategies, products, and services aimed at consumers.

In conclusion, Figure 5 shows that Germany has a higher percentage of households with renewable energy sources compared to Poland, although in both countries the majority of households do not use these technologies. These differences may reflect differences in policy, support, and awareness. This analysis can provide guidance to policy makers and businesses on where to focus efforts to promote renewable energy sources.

Figure 6 presents an analysis of opinions on the need to increase Polish investments in renewable energy sources in Poland and Germany.

Most respondents in both countries expressed strong support for increasing Polish investments in renewable energy sources, with 50% in Poland and 60% in Germany choosing “definitely yes”.

Adding the answers “definitely yes” and “rather yes”, we obtain a total of 90% support in Poland and 90% in Germany. This shows that there is broad support for the concept in both countries.

A very small proportion of respondents in both countries opposed the idea, with 2% in Poland and 4% in Germany choosing “probably not” and only 1% in both countries choosing “definitely not”.

A small percentage of respondents in both countries (7% in Poland and 5% in Germany) had no opinion on this subject, which may indicate a fairly high awareness and interest in the topic.

Although the overall level of support is similar in the two countries, differences in the categories “definitely yes” and “probably yes” may indicate differences in the intensity of feelings. In Germany, stronger support is expressed more strongly (60% chose “definitely yes”), while in Poland support is slightly softer, but still significant (40% chose “rather yes”).

These results may influence policy decisions and investment strategies in Poland, as they indicate general public support for increasing investment in renewable energy sources.

The fact that German respondents also expressed strong support may be important for international cooperation and understanding in this field.

In conclusion, Figure 6 shows clear and broad support in Poland and Germany for increasing Polish investments in renewable energy sources. Understanding this level of support and the subtle differences in responses can help policy makers, investors, and stakeholders shape and promote renewable energy policies and strategies.

Figure 7 presents an analysis of opinions on the perception of the key role of renewable energy sources for Poland’s energy future in Poland and Germany.

It is noteworthy that 40% of respondents in Germany indicated plans to purchase an electric car within the next five years, compared to 25% in Poland. This suggests a higher level of interest and commitment to electromobility in Germany. Despite these diverging intentions, the majority of respondents in both countries—60% in Germany and 75% in Poland—do not plan to acquire an electric car in the same timeframe. This could imply that barriers such as cost, limited charging infrastructure, or perceptions of the technology are discouraging the adoption of electric cars.

The lower percentage of respondents in Poland planning to purchase an electric car may be attributed to factors such as higher vehicle prices, fewer charging points, limited government incentives, and varying levels of public awareness and attitudes toward electromobility. These findings could have implications for governments, automakers, and energy suppliers in both countries. In Poland, there might be room to enhance incentives for electric car purchases and investment in charging infrastructure to match the level of interest observed in Germany [304,305].

For automakers and dealers, these data can inform marketing strategies and product offerings tailored to the specific levels of interest and needs in each country. In conclusion, the analysis underscores significant disparities between Poland and Germany concerning future plans to purchase electric cars. Understanding these differences and the contributing factors could be vital for crafting effective strategies to encourage electromobility in both nations.

5. Discussion

Electromobility and renewable energy sources are crucial in the global pursuit of sustainable development. The attitudes and infrastructure supporting these developments can vary greatly between countries, reflecting economic, political, and cultural differences.

Poland points to the growing interest in electromobility, but also challenges related to costs, lack of charging infrastructure, and consumer awareness.

The process of switching to renewable energy sources is complex, especially due to dependence on coal. Progress is slow and challenges include political resistance, the need for greater investment in infrastructure, and technology.

There are more favorable approaches to electromobility in Germany, supported by strong political commitments and social pressures for environmental sustainability.

Based on the survey and the literature on the subject, the results of the verification of the hypotheses are presented below.

Hypothesis 1: 

The age composition of the respondents is similar in Poland and Germany. Confirmation: Differences in age groups are small in both countries.

Hypothesis 2: 

The gender distribution is even in both countries. Confirmation: The gender division is equal in both countries.

Hypothesis 3: 

Germany has a higher level of urbanization than Poland. Confirmation: Germany has higher urbanization, which is visible in the breakdown by place of residence.

Hypothesis 4: 

In Germany there is a higher percentage of owning electric cars than in Poland. Confirmation: Germany has a higher percentage of electric car ownership.

Hypothesis 5: 

The charging infrastructure for electric vehicles is better in Germany than in Poland. Confirmation: Germany has a better rating of charging point availability.

Hypothesis 6: 

Opinions on government investments in electromobility are similar in Poland and Germany. Confirmation: Opinions on government investments in electromobility are similar in both countries.

Hypothesis 7: 

There is greater awareness of projects related to electromobility in Germany than in Poland. Confirmation: Germany shows a greater awareness of electromobility projects.

Hypothesis 8: 

Germans have a stronger belief in the importance of electromobility than Poles. Confirmation: The belief in the importance of electromobility is somewhat stronger in Germany.

Hypothesis 9: 

Awareness of renewable energy sources is greater in Germany than in Poland. Confirmation: Germany shows a higher awareness of renewable energy sources.

Hypothesis 10: 

The belief in the key role of renewable energy sources is strong in Poland.

All assumed hypotheses were confirmed. This may be due to the experienced research team and the analysis of the extensive literature on the subject.

Germany is a leader in the renewable energy movement, with a well-developed infrastructure and strong public support. Germany is further advanced in electromobility, with a larger network of charging stations and support from the automotive industry. Germany is also more advanced in renewables, with a greater share of wind, solar, and hydropower. Germany faces issues such as supply–demand balance and grid stability management, while Poland faces more significant challenges, especially in decoupling from coal.

Germany is further advanced in both electromobility and renewable energy development, reflecting its wealth, industrial base, and social attitudes towards environmental sustainability. While Poland has made progress, it faces more serious challenges. The comparison highlights the importance of political will, social attitudes, and economic factors in shaping the energy transition in different national contexts.

Results for Germany show that only 30% of respondents own an electric car, compared to 15% in Poland. This shows that electromobility is more advanced in Germany.

Electric car purchase plans indicate that 40% of Germans plan to buy an electric car in the next 5 years, compared to 25% of Poles. This indicates Germany’s greater readiness to adapt electric technology.

It was found that 55% of respondents in Germany believe that the charging infrastructure is sufficient, compared to 30% in Poland. This suggests that the charging infrastructure in Germany is more developed.

Opinions on government investment are divided in Germany (50% Yes, 50% No), while in Poland 65% believe that investment is insufficient.

The question about having renewable energy sources at home shows that only 20% of Germans have renewable energy sources at home, compared to 10% in Poland. Germany seems to be more involved in renewable technologies.

Investments in renewable energy sources indicate that as many as 90% of Germans (60% Definitely yes, 30% Rather yes) believe that Germany should invest more in renewable energy sources, compared to 90% in Poland (50% Definitely yes, 40% Rather yes). This is a clear consensus in both countries.

The key for the energy future is the information that 95% of Germans (65% Definitely yes, 30% Rather yes) believe that renewable energy sources are crucial for the energy future of the country, compared to 90% in Poland (55% Definitely yes, 35% Rather yes). This response indicates a strong belief in both countries that renewable energy sources are crucial.

The Polish energy market is characterized by a large share of hard coal in electricity production. In 2020, this share was around 70%, which was one of the highest rates in Europe.

Poland has undertaken to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and strive for climate neutrality by 2050.

In Poland, we can observe gradual changes towards the production of energy from renewable sources, such as wind, sun, or biomass, but in 2020 the share of energy from renewable sources was about 20%, which is still lower compared to that in other EU countries.

Electricity production in each year was 2020—171.9 TWh, 2021—177.8 TWh, and 2022—182.5 TWh.

The scale of use of energy sources generating electricity in Poland is as follows: coal—76.9% (2020), 74.6% (2021), 71.5% (2022); wind—7.3% (2020), 9.6% (2021), 11.2% (2022); gas—5.7% (2020), 6.4% (2021), 7.2% (2022); and renewable sources 23.1% (2020), 25.4% (2021), 28.5% (2022).

The current guidelines of the European transport policy impose on the Member States the need to develop alternative fuel infrastructure, and Poland responded to these challenges by adopting the Responsible Development Strategy.

Unfortunately, the number of electric cars in Poland is still very low, which is caused by, among other factors, a lack of proper charging infrastructure.

The development of electromobility in Poland is necessary to achieve climate goals and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but currently there is no sufficient infrastructure to charge electric vehicles.

According to the report of the Polish Chamber of Fuels from 2021, there were only 204 fast charging stations in the country, which translates into one station per 1.6 million inhabitants.

Investment in the construction of charging infrastructure for electric vehicles should be increased, both in cities and on intercity routes.

The key document in the medium and long-term economic policy of Poland is the Strategy for Responsible Development until 2020 (with a perspective until 2030), and its flagship project is the Electromobility Development Programme.

Although the number of newly registered electric cars powered only by electricity is steadily growing year after year, in 2020 their number amounted to 3954 and was 1.845% lower than assumed in the National Framework Policy Document for the Development of Alternative Fuels Infrastructure; the share of such vehicles on the automotive market in Poland is currently 0.02%.

According to research conducted among Polish drivers, low interest in electric cars is attributed to concerns about charging at home and fears of running out of power during a journey.

To address these concerns, the Polish government has passed laws and created plans to implement charging infrastructure in various cities, with particular focus on major urban areas and along key national roads.

There is also a focus on creating publicly available charging stations at specific service areas along motorways and expressways, considering the experiences of other countries where financial support stimulated the growth of electromobility.

A special program called “Green Car” was launched to offer subsidies to individuals buying electric passenger cars, with certain limitations and conditions.

The development of the electric car market has been supported by legal stipulations concerning urban areas, focusing on reducing emissions and encouraging cleaner vehicles.

There is an acknowledgment that the current number of public charging points may not be enough to ensure a comfortable journey between various municipalities, leading to potential disparities between urban and rural areas.

As the availability of chargers and technological progress increases, electric cars are becoming more attractive to drivers. New models offer greater range, and fast charging technology allows for quick battery replenishment. Environmental awareness and exhaust emissions regulations are also motivating factors.

In comparison to the European average, Poland has a low share of electric vehicles, but recent initiatives and support programs indicate a growing interest in electromobility. There is recognition of the need to accelerate the shift towards renewable energy production and increase the share of electric vehicles in the country.

Over recent years, there has been a strong and dynamic increase in the number of registered electric and plug-in hybrid cars in Poland, reflecting growing environmental awareness and government incentives.

The number of charging stations has also risen substantially, demonstrating efforts to build the necessary infrastructure to support the growing number of electric vehicles.

Funds allocated to electromobility in Poland have been increasing year by year, indicating a government commitment to promote this sector as part of environmental and economic strategies.

Overall, the electromobility market in Poland is showing strong development, with both the demand for electric cars and the necessary infrastructure growing. This appears to be an effective policy for promoting low-carbon technologies and a societal shift towards sustainable transport.

The current state of electromobility in Poland reflects an increasing trend in the adoption of electric vehicles and charging infrastructure, key indicators of a move towards a more sustainable future.

These points offer an overall summary that captures the essence of the original text without referencing specific numbers or percentages.

The conclusions from the analysis of the Polish energy market and electromobility are clear that the development of alternative fuel infrastructure is necessary to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the dependence of transport on oil. Poland needs further support and development of charging infrastructure to increase interest in electric cars and accelerate the energy transformation process.

Germany appears to be more advanced in electromobility, with a higher rate of owning and planning to buy electric cars and better charging infrastructure. Germany also appears to be more advanced in the use of renewables in homes, but both countries clearly support increased investment in these technologies.

There is some dissatisfaction with government investment in electromobility in Poland, and opinions are divided in Germany. However, there is a strong belief that renewable energy sources are crucial for the energy future of both countries.

6. Conclusions

The Polish energy market is characterized by a significant share of hard coal in electricity production, for which it has one of the highest ratios in Europe. Poland has committed itself to a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, striving for climate neutrality in the future. In Poland, there are gradual changes towards the production of energy from renewable sources, but the share of these sources remains low compared to that in other EU countries. Electricity production in Poland is growing, and the scale of the use of various energy sources, including renewable ones, has been changing over the years.

The European Union is putting pressure on the development of alternative fuels infrastructure, and Poland is trying to meet these challenges, e.g., by adopting the Responsible Development Strategy. Despite ambitious goals, the number of electric cars in Poland remains low, partly due to the lack of adequate charging infrastructure. The development of electromobility is crucial for achieving climate goals in Poland, but currently there is no sufficient infrastructure to charge electric vehicles.

Reports indicate the need to increase investment in charging infrastructure, both in cities and on intercity routes, to promote electromobility. The Responsible Development Strategy, including the Electromobility Development Program, plays a key role in the long-term economic policy. Despite the increase in the number of registered electric cars, their share in the automotive market in Poland is still small.

The general conclusions from the analysis of the Polish energy market and electromobility emphasize that the development of alternative fuels infrastructure is crucial for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on oil. Poland needs further action to increase interest in electric cars and accelerate the energy transformation process.

It is worth noting that Germany seems to be more willing to adopt electromobility, which can be seen both in the possession of electric cars and plans to buy them. This is consistent with greater satisfaction with the charging infrastructure in Germany. In Poland, respondents are more dissatisfied with government investment in this technology. The survey results in Germany also show greater acceptance and commitment to renewable energy sources. Germany seems to be more advanced in adapting renewable energy technologies in homes. However, there is considerable support in both countries for increasing investment in renewables. The results may reflect differences in energy and environmental policies between the two countries. Germany has a long history of investing in green energy technologies, while Poland may face challenges in transitioning away from traditional energy sources. Higher acceptance rates for electromobility and renewable energy sources in Germany may be due to greater environmental awareness and education on sustainable development.

Economic and technological factors indicate these differences may also result from differences in the availability and cost of technologies in the two countries, including the prices of electric cars and solar panels. Future prospects show that there is a clear belief in both countries that renewables are crucial to the energy future, suggesting that there may be opportunities for increased investment and adaptation in these areas in the future.

The energy market in Poland is characterized by a significant share of hard coal in electricity production, for which it has one of the highest rates in Europe. Poland has committed to significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions, striving for climate neutrality in the future. There are gradual changes in Poland towards the production of energy from renewable sources, but their share still remains low compared to that in other EU countries. Electricity production in Poland is growing, and therefore there is a need for sustainable development in this sector.

The article focuses on a comparative analysis of attitudes and infrastructure in the field of electromobility and renewable energy sources between Poland and Germany. The research results show that Germany is much more advanced in the implementation of renewable technologies and electromobility, which has a direct impact on sustainable development and reduction in CO₂ emissions.

In the context of these arrangements, Poland can draw conclusions from the German experience, especially in the field of investments in infrastructure and technologies related to electromobility. It is also recommended to increase efforts in education and ecological awareness, which may contribute to greater acceptance and adoption of renewable technologies in Poland.

This is crucial, especially in the context of current and future EU regulations on emission reduction and sustainable development. Polish policy decisions and investments in infrastructure should be consistent with the European Union’s goals and international obligations on climate change.

Additionally, it is advisable to examine the impact of various forms of financial support and tax relief on the adoption of renewable technologies and electromobility. Poland should also consider partnerships with leading countries in these fields to accelerate innovation and implementation.

Further research in this area may focus on assessing the impact of various political and economic strategies on the speed of adoption of renewable technologies and electromobility in Poland. This may include an analysis of the regulatory, economic, and social barriers that currently impede sustainable development in the sector. Moreover, analyzing cases of success and failure in other countries can provide valuable insights for shaping an effective energy policy in Poland.