Advanced Research on Internal Combustion Engines and Engine Fuels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Current Status and Trends in IC Engine and Fuel Technologies
2.1. Progress in IC Engine Technologies
2.2. Diversity of IC Engine Fuels
2.3. Advanced IC Engines for Low- and Zero-Carbon Emissions
- Renewable fuels such as hydrogen, ammonia, methanol, etc., have distinct characteristics compared to petroleum fuels, and thus require dedicated combustion technologies and engine designs [31,32,33]. Also, the fuel properties that enable high engine efficiency need to be accounted for when developing new fuels and new engine technologies in conjunction [19,34].
- Inspired by the concept of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) [16], many advanced combustion technologies have been proposed to improve thermal efficiency by means of controlling the evolution and stratification of the in-cylinder thermodynamic state as well as mixture and reactivity distribution, such as gasoline compression ignition (GCI) [35], reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) [15], partially premixed combustion (PPC) [18,36], etc. Lean combustion technologies are often used to increase combustion efficiency and lower heat loss, and the lean operation limit can be extended via turbulent jet ignition (TJI), high-tumble in-cylinder flow, etc.
- Numerical simulation has become an imperative tool in the course of engine research and design, providing an in-depth understanding of the multiphysics, multiscale and multiphase process of IC engines and significantly reducing the development period duration and cost [37,38]. In addition, artificial intelligence is an emerging technique aiming to further strengthen the capability of numerical and diagnostics tools beyond their original limits [39,40,41].
- Gas exchange and management systems are effective measures used to control the in-cylinder process. Exhaust turbocharging can be used to increase charge density and dilution, with two-stage and variable geometry turbocharging (GVT) offering variability on demand [42]. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) can be used to control in-cylinder temperature, heat loss and pollutant emissions [43]. Variable valve systems can prevent the use of throttle to reduce pumping loss and also enable the Miller cycle with an expansion ratio larger than the compression ratio to improve the thermal efficiency [44].
- Engine aftertreatment technologies such as diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs), selective catalytic reduction (SRC), diesel particulate filters (DPFs), lean NOx traps (LNTs), passive NOx adsorbers (PNAs) and so on can enable near-zero pollutant emissions of IC engines. These technologies often have a high conversion efficiency in the steady state, and future efforts will be focused on the cold-start and transient conditions that require engine aftertreatment system-level optimization [45].
- Electrification of IC engine components has been a major trend in attempts to achieve flexibility and intelligence. Numerous control variables need to be controlled and optimized simultaneously, and advanced control algorithms and hardware are required to fulfill the full potential of engines [46].
- A hybridized powertrain system consists of an IC engine, motor and battery. They are predicted to have a considerable share of the future market, as seen in Figure 2, because such a system has great potential to improve overall fuel economy and to avoid the issues associated with BEVs. A major challenge in IC engine design is the flexibility of performance under a wide range of speeds and loads, which causes the specific fuel consumption and pollutant emissions weighted under real driving conditions to be significantly higher than the values achieved under an optimally designed regime. With the assistance of a motor, the operation range of IC engines can be narrowed and optimized to achieve highly efficient and clean conditions. This requires an IC engine specifically designed for HEVs so the potential of hybrid powertrain systems can be fully explored [47].
3. Conclusions and Recommendations
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Yue, Z.; Liu, H. Advanced Research on Internal Combustion Engines and Engine Fuels. Energies 2023, 16, 5940. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16165940
Yue Z, Liu H. Advanced Research on Internal Combustion Engines and Engine Fuels. Energies. 2023; 16(16):5940. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16165940
Chicago/Turabian StyleYue, Zongyu, and Haifeng Liu. 2023. "Advanced Research on Internal Combustion Engines and Engine Fuels" Energies 16, no. 16: 5940. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16165940
APA StyleYue, Z., & Liu, H. (2023). Advanced Research on Internal Combustion Engines and Engine Fuels. Energies, 16(16), 5940. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16165940