Liquid Water Transport Characteristics and Droplet Dynamics of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells with 3D Wave Channel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Numerical Models
- The simulation does not take into account the isothermal condition of temperature change.
- Detailed electrochemical mechanisms were not taken into consideration.
- The GDL is modeled as a homogeneous porous medium without considering the specific pore structure.
- Due to the low velocity of gas flow and the small size of the channel and manifold, the fluid flow in the channel is assumed to be laminar.
2.3. Computational Domain and Grid Independency Test
3. Results
3.1. Dynamic Behavior of Droplets in 3D Wave and 2D Straight Channels
3.2. Effect of Velocity on Liquid Water Behavior in the 3D Channel
3.3. Effect of Hole Diameter of GDL on Liquid Water Behavior in the 3D Channel
4. Conclusions
- As the electrochemical reaction progresses, liquid water in the catalyst layer is pushed through the GDL pores under pressure, forming droplets in the flow channel. These droplets continue to grow and eventually leave the pores when they reach a certain volume, influenced by the shear force of the gas. Increasing gas velocity reduces the critical diameter and separation time for droplets to leave the pore size, but this effect stabilizes as gas velocity further increases.
- In the 2D channel, liquid water goes through three stages—growth, vibration, and balance—from the moment it breaks through the GDL pores until it is discharged from the channel. In contrast, the 3D channel only experiences the growth and vibration stages. Additionally, the force fluctuation during the vibration stage is greater in a wave channel compared to a straight flow channel.
- At various velocities, a wave channel can effectively eliminate droplets of varying sizes and water films while also reducing the critical time it takes for liquid water to exit the pore size. The movement of droplets required 28.8 ms to reach the exit of the 2D channel, which is 12.6 ms longer compared to the time taken in the 3D channel. This discrepancy can be attributed to the periodic fluctuation in the cross-sectional area of the optimized flow channel, which imparts a greater shear force on the gas and consequently leads to greater deformation of liquid water.
- Increasing the GDL pore size and gas velocity appropriately can aid in the discharge of liquid water. However, if the pore size becomes excessively large, it can lead to increased water flooding. The optimal GDL aperture size is typically between 1.0–1.2 mm, while the recommended gas velocity range is 6–8 m/s.
- Smaller droplets experience smaller gas shear forces, making it more difficult for them to exit the flow channel. In comparison to the 2D channel, the 3D channel is more effective at removing smaller droplets and mitigating the issue of liquid water blocking the flow channel.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Li, Z.; Wang, J.; Wang, S.; Li, W.; Xie, X. Liquid Water Transport Characteristics and Droplet Dynamics of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells with 3D Wave Channel. Energies 2023, 16, 5892. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16165892
Li Z, Wang J, Wang S, Li W, Xie X. Liquid Water Transport Characteristics and Droplet Dynamics of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells with 3D Wave Channel. Energies. 2023; 16(16):5892. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16165892
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Zijun, Jianguo Wang, Shubo Wang, Weiwei Li, and Xiaofeng Xie. 2023. "Liquid Water Transport Characteristics and Droplet Dynamics of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells with 3D Wave Channel" Energies 16, no. 16: 5892. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16165892