Artificial Sun—A Stand to Test New PVT Minimodules
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Artificial Sun
3. Numerical Analysis
3.1. Numerical Model
- a.
- Insulator with a rough surface;
- b.
- Steel with a reflective surface;
- c.
- Double wall of 5 mm with a rough surface and a steel wall with a 5 mm thick isolator with an untreated surface;
- d.
- Double wall of 5 mm with a reflective surface and a steel wall with a 5 mm thick isolator with an additional reflective layer;
- e.
- Double wall of 10 mm with a reflective surface and a steel wall with a 5 mm thick isolator with an additional reflective layer; and
- f.
- Double wall of 20 mm with a reflective surface and a steel wall with a 5 mm thick isolator with an additional reflective layer.
- The heat flux at every rectangle representing a lamp equals 168,651 W/m2, which corresponds to 170 W in total;
- The temperature at the bottom of the aluminium plate is 32 °C (efficient cooling with the aid of 30 °C liquid coolant is assumed);
- Ambient heat exchange is modelled with the aid of a convection boundary condition with the reference temperature of 25 °C and a heat transfer coefficient of 10 W/m2K, and 2 W/m2K at the side walls and the top wall of the dome, respectively;
- The heat exchange in the enclosure involves thermal radiation (the differential approximation model [24] is used; hence no heat absorption or scattering within the air is analysed), the solid surfaces are opaque, and the emissivity equals:
- ○
- 0.9 for the painted metal surfaces and for the rough layers of the isolator; and
- ○
- 0.1 for the metal surfaces and for the isolators covered with reflective layers.
- The buoyancy model is turned on (free convection with laminar flow) and gravity acceleration is directed perpendicularly to the bottom plate; and
3.2. Results of Simulations
4. Experimental Verification
4.1. Experimental Setup
4.2. Results and Discussion
- changing the angle of lamp setup to direct the light into the centre of the plate; and
- removing the covering/protecting glass to increase the incident irradiation value.
5. Conclusions and Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Density ρ [kg/m3] | Thermal Conductivityk [W/(mK)] | Specific Heat cp [J/(kgK)] | Dynamic Viscosity µ [Pa·s] | Expansion Coef. β [1/K] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aluminium | 2702 | 237 | 903 | ||
Steel | 7854 | 60.5 | 434 | ||
Polystyrene | 55 | 0.027 | 1210 | ||
Air (25 °C) | 1.185 | 0.026 | 1004 | 1.83 × 10−5 | 3.36 × 103 |
Material/ Emissivity | P (Cold Plate) [W] | P (Cold Plate)/P Lamps [%] | TEave (Dome External Wall) [°C] | TIave (Dome Internal Wall) [°C] | Tmax (Lamp) [°C] | Tave (Air) [°C] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a. insulator with e = 0.9 | 54.4 | 32 | 44.0 | 125.8 | 49.1 | |
b. steel with e = 0.1 | 101.2 | 60 | 34.1 | 135.4 | 36.9 | |
c. double wall 5 mm with e = 0.9 | 70.9 | 42 | 36.5 | 46.4 | 131.1 | 57.8 |
d. double wall 5 mm with e = 0.1 | 118.2 | 70 | 31.5 | 37.3 | 143.0 | 44.7 |
e. double wall 10 mm with e = 0.1 | 124.3 | 73 | 30.7 | 40.2 | 147.0 | 51.6 |
f. double wall 20 mm with e = 0.1 | 132.2 | 78 | 29.6 | 45.3 | 152.3 | 62.6 |
Modification | Average Irradiation [W/m2] | Standard Deviation [W/m2] | Relative Standard Deviation [%] |
---|---|---|---|
None | 713 | 43.6 | 6.11 |
Angle of 15° | 702 | 29.6 | 4.22 |
No glass | 1045 | 68.2 | 6.53 |
Both of the above | 1049 | 33.8 | 3.23 |
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Raj, E.; Znajdek, K.; Dionizy, M.; Czarnecki, P.; Niedzielski, P.; Ruta, Ł.; Lisik, Z. Artificial Sun—A Stand to Test New PVT Minimodules. Energies 2022, 15, 3430. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093430
Raj E, Znajdek K, Dionizy M, Czarnecki P, Niedzielski P, Ruta Ł, Lisik Z. Artificial Sun—A Stand to Test New PVT Minimodules. Energies. 2022; 15(9):3430. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093430
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaj, Ewa, Katarzyna Znajdek, Mateusz Dionizy, Przemysław Czarnecki, Przemysław Niedzielski, Łukasz Ruta, and Zbigniew Lisik. 2022. "Artificial Sun—A Stand to Test New PVT Minimodules" Energies 15, no. 9: 3430. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093430