Safety Considerations of Hydrogen Application in Shipping in Comparison to LNG
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Definitions of Safety, Hazard and Risk
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Properties of Hydrogen Related to Safety
3.2. Hazards Arising from Hydrogen
3.2.1. Hydrogen in General
3.2.2. Pressurized Hydrogen Storage in Vessels
3.2.3. Storage as Liquefied Hydrogen at Cryogenic Temperature
3.2.4. Cryo-Compressed Storage
3.2.5. Chemical Hydrogen Storage as a Metal Hydride
3.2.6. Chemical Hydrogen Storage as a Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier
3.3. Rules and Regulations
Rules and Regulations by the International Maritime Organization
3.4. Ongoing Hydrogen Projects in Shipping
3.4.1. Suiso Frontier
3.4.2. Elektra
3.4.3. Hydra
3.4.4. Topeka
3.4.5. LH2 FGSS (MAN Cryo)
3.5. Proposal of a Method for the Alternative Design Approach
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BinSchUO | Binnen-Schiffsuntersuchungsordnung |
BLEVE | boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion |
CESNI | European Committee for Drawing up Standards in the Field of Inland Navigation |
CO | carbon monoxide |
CO2 | carbon dioxide |
DBT | dibenzyltoluene |
DSB | Direktoratet for samfunnssikkerhet og beredskap (Norwegian Maritime Directorate) |
EU | European Union |
FPSO | Floating Production, Storage and Offloading |
GHG | greenhouse gas |
H2 | hydrogen |
HAZID | Hazard Identification Study |
HySTRA | Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain Technology Research Association |
IEC | International Electrotechnical Commission |
IGC Code | International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk |
IGF Code | International Code for Safety for Ships Using Gases or Other Low-Flashpoint Fuels |
IMO | International Maritime Organization |
IR | infrared |
ISO | International Organization for Standardization |
KHI | Kawasaki Heavy Industries |
LEL | lower explosive limit |
LFL | lower flammability limit |
LH2 | liquified hydrogen |
LH2 FGSS | liquid-hydrogen fuel-gas-supply systems |
LNG | liquified natural gas |
LOHC | liquid organic hydrogen carrier |
MIR | multi-spectrum-infrared |
MSC | Maritime Safety Committee |
MSC104 | 104th Session of the Maritime Safety Committee |
NOX | nitrogen oxide |
PEM | proton exchange membrane |
PRD | pressure relief device |
RoRo | Roll on Roll off |
SOLAS | International Convention of Safety of Life at Sea |
TNT | trinitrotoluene |
TPRD | thermally activated pressure relief device |
UEL | upper explosive limit |
UFL | upper flammability limit |
UV | ultraviolet |
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Fuel | Volumetric Energy Density (kWh/m3) | Gravimetric Energy Density (kWh/kg) | Density (kg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|
Diesel | 10,044 | 12.0 [18] | 837 [18] |
Heavy Fuel Oil | 10,938 | 10.8 [25] | 1010 [26] |
Liquefied Natural Gas (111 K) | 6165 | 13.9 [18] | 443.5 [18] |
Liquefied Ammonia (10 bar or 239 K) | 3528 [27] | 5.2 [18] | 678.5 |
Hydrogen (350 bar) | 766 | 33.3 [22] | 23.3 [23] |
Hydrogen (700 bar) | 1309 | 33.3 [22] | 39.3 [23] |
Liquefied Hydrogen (20 K) | 2363 | 33.3 [22] | 70.96 [22] |
Methanol | 4424 | 5.6 [18] | 790 [18] |
Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (here: Dibenzyltoluene) | 1886 | 2.1 | 913.4 [28] |
Metalhydride (here: MgH2) | 3672 [29] | 2.5 | 1450 [29] |
Chapter | Name | Location | Keywords |
---|---|---|---|
Section 3.4.1 | Suiso Frontier | Japan | operating tanker for 1250 m3 liq. hydrogen |
Section 3.4.2 | Elektra | Germany | operating push boat for inland shipping |
Section 3.4.3 | Hydra | Norway | operating liquid hydrogen ferry |
Section 3.4.4 | Topeka | Norway | planned liq. hydrogen RoRo freighter |
Section 3.4.5 | LH2 FGSS | Sweden | liq. hydrogen fuel-gas-supply systems |
Aspect 1 | Aspect 2 | Aspect 3 | … | Aspect n | Σi | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
aspect 1 | 1 | W1,2 | W1,3 | … | W1,n | ||
aspect 2 | W2,1 | 1 | W2,3 | … | W2,n | ||
aspect 3 | W3,1 | W3,2 | 1 | … | W3,n | ||
… | … | … | 1 | … | … | … | |
aspect n | Wn,1 | Wn,2 | Wn,3 | … | 1 | ||
Σ | n2 | 1 |
Novel System | Existing System | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Criterion | Value | Evaluation | Value | Criterion | ||||
“Significantly Safer” | “A Little Safer” | “Neutral” | “A Little Safer” | “Significantly Safer” | ||||
criterion 1 | X | criterion 1 | ||||||
… | … | |||||||
criterion n | X | criterion n |
Linguistic Statement | Lower Boundary | Most Likely Value | Upper Boundary |
---|---|---|---|
Significantly unsafer | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
A little unsafer | 0.175 | 0.275 | 0.375 |
neutral | 0.35 | 0.5 | 0.65 |
A little safer | 0.625 | 0.725 | 0.825 |
Significantly safer | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1 |
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Depken, J.; Dyck, A.; Roß, L.; Ehlers, S. Safety Considerations of Hydrogen Application in Shipping in Comparison to LNG. Energies 2022, 15, 3250. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093250
Depken J, Dyck A, Roß L, Ehlers S. Safety Considerations of Hydrogen Application in Shipping in Comparison to LNG. Energies. 2022; 15(9):3250. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093250
Chicago/Turabian StyleDepken, Jorgen, Alexander Dyck, Lukas Roß, and Sören Ehlers. 2022. "Safety Considerations of Hydrogen Application in Shipping in Comparison to LNG" Energies 15, no. 9: 3250. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093250