Towards a Blockchain-Based Peer-to-Peer Energy Marketplace
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Contributions
- The design of a framework that will help developers to create new platforms that allow for the appearance of automatic peer-to-peer energy markets with dynamic prices.
- The proposed framework also provides user flexibility in the negotiation algorithms used. They will be able to implement the algorithm they want depending on their needs, with the only prerequisite being that the communications between agents follow the same ontology.
- The framework designed also provides anonymity to their users, complying with the current data regulations.
- Following the proposed framework, the future platforms developed and deployed will be more democratic and decentralized, thus eliminating the single point of failure.
2. Conceptual Foundations of Micro-Grid Platforms and Blockchain Technology
- Heavy reliance on exchanged messages. Since each part of the system is controlled by an independent entity, the other entities have to trust the messages received to understand the system’s global state. If a malicious entity could somehow modify the content of those messages, the proper functioning of the entire platform would be compromised.
- Reliance on the truthfulness of the transmitted data. Entities of the platform have to rely on the fact that the data transmitted have not been tampered with by the sender entity to make an unfair profit. In addition, it is a possibility that databases will be attacked in order to steal, modify, or delete sensitive information about the entities that are taking part in the system’s workflow.
2.1. Blockchain Consensus Algorithms
2.2. Blockchain Accessibility
2.3. Smart Contracts
3. Related Work on Micro-Grid Platforms Based on BT
3.1. Blockchain Technology and Micro-Grid Platforms
Project | Description | Pros | Cons |
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Pylon Network [36] | The main aim is to create a neutral database. Makes use of its permissioned blockchain-based Litecoin technology. It makes use of a Proof of Cooperation (PoC) consensus algorithm. In addition, a smart meter (METRON) certifies energy flows and enables virtual transactions using their own token. |
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SunContract [37] | The main aim is to create a marketplace that allows customers to trade energy without the need for intermediaries. They managed a market for P2P energy transactions based on BT for more than 2 years. They enable virtual energy transactions using their own token. |
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Enosi [38] | Their main aim is to create a marketplace that allows the energy customers to trade energy without the need for intermediaries. They certify energy flows via smart metering. |
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Brooklyn Micro-grid Network [39] | This project created a local energy marketplace in Brooklyn. Bacuase of it, prosumers can trade their energy surplus with their neighbors. |
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3.2. Negotiation Algorithms on BT-Based Micro-Grid Platforms
3.3. Literature Review Conclusions and Manuscript Objectives
4. Proposed Architecture Design
- Through the MAS, the control and management of the micro-grid platform is achieved, along with the negotiation between peers for energy in the market. However, to achieve full decentralization of the platform, the use of a blockchain platform is required, in which the smart contracts deployed will be used by the agents in the workflow of the platform. Thanks to this approach: (i) we will achieve a decentralized platform without a single point of failure; (ii) we will provide confidence to platform users and agents that agreements would be enforced, and in case they are not, encourage trust that the platform will compensate those who behave while punishing those agents who do not; and (iii) we will allow for the optimization of the prices of the energy transacted within the platform, balancing them while maximizing the payoffs of each kind of actor involved.
- The smart meters read the energy consumed and/or produced by each household. They are connected to each independent house, representing a peer in the micro-grid network. Each smart meter is connected to the internet and interacts with the blockchain on behalf of the household. Moreover, the agent who negotiates with their peers to buy or sell energy should be deployed here or in a device connected to the smart meter.
- The use of a blockchain network allows for the distribution of the communication and the interactions between the agents of the platform. The network is used not only as a historical log in that each agent stores their activity on the platform, but it is also used as a validation and tamper-proof system that will help them to trust the platform and the activities of the actors involved. In addition, the smart contracts deployed in the network help in the control of the workflow of the platform.
- The information stored in the blockchain is encrypted, maintaining the data hidden from others. It is possible to maintain a verified and encrypted log in the blockchain by using Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) protocols. Furthermore, by using ring signatures, the identity of the entities that store information within the blockchain is kept secret.
4.1. Blockchain Technology and Smart Contracts
- 1
- Through the function PublishInfo(), agents can identify themselves on the platform. They can store data in relation to how other agents can initiate negotiations with them, the household they belong to, etc. With that information, it is possible for authorized actors to carry out auditory processes as well as to track their activity on the platform. This step should be performed the first time an agent is deployed in the system.
- 2
- To publish any energy offer on the platform, authors should call the function MakeOffer(). Agents can calculate the forecasted energy surplus that could be sold to the network and create an offer with the predicted amount of energy for the next time window.
- 3
- When an agent predicts a need to buy energy for the next time window, it will need to call the function GetOffers(). This function will return all the information related to the offers published for the next time window. Then, the agent will start the negotiation process directly with all the publishers of offers.
- 4
- During the negotiation process, the agents try to reach an equilibrium on the price of the energy and the amount that must be bought. The price of the energy sold has an upper constraint, which is the price of the energy bought from outside the grid. It also has a lower constraint, which is the minimum price needed to produce the energy. Between those thresholds, agents have the autonomy to decide; they could use whatever negotiation algorithm they find more comfortable with as long as it exchanges messages following the ontology defined by the platform communications. The agents negotiate on the basis of different parameters such as the energy needed to buy or sell, the time left to finish the negotiation, the number of buyers or sellers, the amount of energy to be expected to generate or consume in the next time window, etc. When the last minutes of the negotiation are reached, each seller agent will start agreeing to sell the energy to those that offer the higher prices until the energy is all sold out. The buyer agents will do the opposite—they will buy at the lower prices given by the sellers during their negotiation. Because of the constraints, it is ensured that all the energy will be sold out; no buyer will buy from the main grid while energy is still available within the system. Therefore, each agent should have a time out to get answers from an offer. If they do not receive an answer during that time out, they will have to drop the offer and try to reach an agreement with the next best offer on their list. This will ensure an equilibrium point while avoiding getting stuck in infinite waiting periods.
- 5
- After negotiating the price and the amount of energy to sell and to whom, the seller can publish on the blockchain to whom, how much, and for how much they are selling the energy with the function AllowTransaction().
- 6
- Finally, when the corresponding smart meters have detected the flow of energy to and from a house, automatic payments can be made by calling the function MakeTransaction().
4.2. Privacy Preservation Protocols
- 1
- When they are registered within the system and store information related to them. In the whole life cycle of the platform, this occurs once for each agent.
- 2
- At the end of each hour, every agent writes in the blockchain the agreement reached during the negotiation process. For example, if Alice reaches an agreement with Bob and Carla, then Alice will need to create two transactions. On the other hand, according to the example, Bob and Carla only need to create one each.
4.3. Security Model
4.4. Multi-Agent System
- Device Driver System (DDS). This system groups all the agents in charge of the management and control of the different smart devices of the platform (e.g., batteries, smart meters, PV panels). These agents are allowed to interact with the blockchain network, so they also have an assigned wallet to identify and track their activity within the platform, thus helping in the auditing process. The agents in charge of monitoring the state of the PV panels (e.g., their energy production, the provided voltage and current, and their active and reactive powers) are the PV agents (PVA). They store those data in the blockchain, which helps their owners to monitor them while also owning that information which they could sell in the future. The batteries are monitored by agents called Battery State Agents (BSA). They store in the blockchain data related to the state of a battery, its charge and discharge capability, and its current state of charge. The agent that stores the data related to the flow of current from or to a household is the Smart Meter Agent (SMA).
- Micro-grid Operator System (MGOS). In this system, all those agents that are responsible for monitoring, controlling, and managing the status and good credit of the micro-grid are grouped together. These agents are also connected to the blockchain, storing the relevant information that favors the traceability of the micro-grid monitoring, flows of power to and from the utility network, the balance of the micro-grid power, and the voltage level (Micro-grid Operator agent or MGO), or the energy transactions made from the grid to the micro-grid and vice versa (External Market Interactor Agent or EMI). In addition, this system owns a series of batteries that improve the balance of the grid load, governed by the State Of Charge agents (SOC). This part of the platform is economically maintained by the penalties of users who do not fulfill their part of the contracts and by the exchange of energy between the external grid and the micro-grid.
- Data Analytic System (DAS). This system is crucial for the platform as it is in charge of grouping all those agents that are in charge of the data market and the creation of predictive models, which are required by the rest of the agents of the system to be able to infer the amount of energy they expect to obtain in the next hour, that which they could sell, and that which they will need to buy based on their past consumption. The agents in charge of reading the data provided by the other subsystems of the platform on the blockchain and merging it with data coming from other external data sources are called Data Reader Agents (DRA). The agents that create and update new behavioral models on demand are the Knowledge Extractor Agents (KEA). The agents that make predictions based on these models and the information extracted from the environment are the Forecasting Agents (FA). This subsystem benefits from the data market created with the addition of blockchain technology to the platform. As it has been found in other works in the literature, it is also possible to improve the creation of the models with the use of blockchain technology by applying a federated learning framework similar to the one proposed in [54].
- Transaction Manager System (TMS). In this subsystem, all those agents that are responsible for the negotiation and exchange of energy within the micro-grid are grouped. These agents make use of the blockchain network to publish and search for energy offers as well as register the agreements that take place. The agents in charge of publishing the offers are the Seller Agents (SA), while those who search for them in order to buy are the Buyer Agents (BA). The agents in this system negotiate with each other directly and make use of the DAS to estimate the energy they will need to buy and/or sell. As a way to improve the search process in the blockchain, a middleware layer could be used to optimize the search for information (offers in this case) within the blockchain, such as the one proposed in [55].
4.5. Deployment of the Platform
5. Conclusions and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Algorithm | Scalability | Consistency | Decentralization | Usage |
---|---|---|---|---|
PoW | No | Yes | Yes | Public blockchains |
PoS | Yes | No | Yes | Public and permissioned blockchains |
PBFT | Yes | Yes | No | Permissioned blockchains |
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Mezquita, Y.; Gil-González, A.B.; Martín del Rey, A.; Prieto, J.; Corchado, J.M. Towards a Blockchain-Based Peer-to-Peer Energy Marketplace. Energies 2022, 15, 3046. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093046
Mezquita Y, Gil-González AB, Martín del Rey A, Prieto J, Corchado JM. Towards a Blockchain-Based Peer-to-Peer Energy Marketplace. Energies. 2022; 15(9):3046. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093046
Chicago/Turabian StyleMezquita, Yeray, Ana Belén Gil-González, Angel Martín del Rey, Javier Prieto, and Juan Manuel Corchado. 2022. "Towards a Blockchain-Based Peer-to-Peer Energy Marketplace" Energies 15, no. 9: 3046. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093046