Performance Analysis and Benchmarking of PLL-Driven Phasor Measurement Units for Renewable Energy Systems

Ali, Zunaib; Saleem, Komal; Brown, Robert; Christofides, Nicholas; Dudley, Sandra

doi:10.3390/en15051867

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Performance Analysis and Benchmarking of PLL-Driven Phasor Measurement Units for Renewable Energy Systems

Zunaib Ali

^1,*,

Komal Saleem

^1,2

Robert Brown

Nicholas Christofides

and

Sandra Dudley

School of Engineering, London South Bank University, London SE1 0AA, UK

School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK

Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering and Informatics, Frederick University, Nicosia 1036, Cyprus

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Academic Editor: Ahmed F. Zobaa

Energies 2022, 15(5), 1867; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051867

Received: 10 December 2021 / Revised: 14 February 2022 / Accepted: 1 March 2022 / Published: 3 March 2022

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Techniques Applied for the Integration of Distributed Generation from Renewable Energy Sources)

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Abstract

Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are a key part of electrical power systems, providing the dynamic monitoring and control of electrical units and impacting overall operation and synchronization of a network if not properly designed. This paper investigates the use of a phase-locked loop (PLL)-based algorithm for PMUs (to accurately find the magnitude, phase, and frequency) in a three-phase system. Various PLLs are reported in the literature, ranging from the very basic to advanced, capable of dealing with normal and abnormal grid behavior and mainly used for the control of grid-connected converters. In this paper, a number of PLLs were utilized to perform PMU functions, and a benchmarking study has been investigated to analyze the developed PLL-driven PMUs under various grid conditions (such as unbalanced faults, harmonics, and frequency variations). The simulation and experimental results were provided to support the performance capabilities and suggested limitations. In addition, the best PMU in benchmarking was used in the Kundur’s two-area system to show the significance of PMUs in a power system. View Full-Text

Keywords: phase-locked loops; phasor measurement units; grid support; control and optimization; grid-connected converters; grid reliability

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ali, Z.; Saleem, K.; Brown, R.; Christofides, N.; Dudley, S. Performance Analysis and Benchmarking of PLL-Driven Phasor Measurement Units for Renewable Energy Systems. Energies 2022, 15, 1867. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051867

AMA Style

Ali Z, Saleem K, Brown R, Christofides N, Dudley S. Performance Analysis and Benchmarking of PLL-Driven Phasor Measurement Units for Renewable Energy Systems. Energies. 2022; 15(5):1867. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051867

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ali, Zunaib, Komal Saleem, Robert Brown, Nicholas Christofides, and Sandra Dudley. 2022. "Performance Analysis and Benchmarking of PLL-Driven Phasor Measurement Units for Renewable Energy Systems" Energies 15, no. 5: 1867. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051867

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Author Biographies

Zunaib Ali

Dr. Zunaib Ali is a lecturer in the Division of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, London South Bank University. He is also contributing to the HAWSBI project funded by Innovate UK. He received the B.Sc. degree in electronic engineering from the University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan, in 2013, the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan, in 2015, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Frederick University, Nicosia, Cyprus, in 2018. From 2018 to 2019, he was a research assistant in Real-Time Power Laboratory, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K., for an Innovative U.K. project. He worked as a research fellow at Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K., on the development of university campus microgrid under UKERI. His research interests include grid synchronization and control methods for distributed renewable energy systems and how such systems can be strategically utilized in applications related to power electronic converters and consequently in smart grids and microgrids. Dr. Ali was the recipient of 36-Month Erasmus Mundus European Union Research Scholarship for doctoral studies and is also a Gold Medalist.

Komal Saleem

Komal Saleem is currently a research fellow on the HAWKSBI project at London South Bank University. She received the B.Sc. degree in electrical power engineering and the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan, in 2013 and 2015, respectively. She is currently working toward a Ph.D. degree in electronics engineering at the Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K. Since 2015, she has been a lecturer at COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan, and is currently on study leave. Her research interests include model parameter estimation, management and control of battery storage systems, vehicle-to-grid and grid-to-vehicle integration, and renewable energy systems. Ms. Saleem is a recipient of a fully-funded scholarship under HEC Pakistan for her doctoral studies.

Robert Brown

Robert Brown is currently investigating distribution transformer efficiency as part of his Ph.D. studies at London South Bank University. Robert received his MEng (Hons) degree in electrical engineering and power electronics from London South Bank University in 2017. Previously, he worked as an electrician in the renewables, controls, and maintenance sectors after receiving City and Guilds qualifications in 2007. He is a CIGRE member. He has been published in the areas of energy disaggregation, power electronics, and applications of ultra-wideband radar.

Nicholas Christofides

Nicholas Christofides joined the Electrical Engineering Department of Frederick University, Cyprus in October 2006. He received his PhD degree in electrical power engineering in December 2003 from the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), following the successful completion of his thesis entitled “On-line Partial Discharge Monitoring in Belted Paper-Insulated Medium Voltage Cables”. He received his Master's degree in electrical power Engineering from the UMIST (September 2000) and a BEng degree in electronic and electrical engineering from The University of Birmingham, UK (June 1999). His main research interests lie in the field of energy sustainability, power quality, and photovoltaic systems.

Sandra Dudley

Prof. Sandra Dudley-McEvoy received the B.Sc. (Hons) and Ph.D. degrees in physics from the University of Essex, the U.K. in 1998 and 2004, respectively. Subsequently, she spent time working as a postdoctoral researcher at Essex University on a British Telecom project resulting in world record broadband-system power consumption for last-mile access. She is the Director of Research and Enterprise for the School of Engineering at London South Bank University. Her research interests are in energy-related schemes, specifically in the application of wireless automation by machine-learning energy management, retrofitting of older buildings for autonomous green initiatives, and smart grid applications. She has a number of EU and UK grants related to energy and has close collaborations with industries from SMEs to large corporations such as Westfield and Aecom.

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Performance Analysis and Benchmarking of PLL-Driven Phasor Measurement Units for Renewable Energy Systems

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