A Recent Advance on Partial Evaporating Organic Rankine Cycle: Experimental Results on an Axial Turbine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Fouling reduces the performance of the heat exchangers and therefore the heat source received by the ORC. Moreover, geothermal waters, which as explained before is a very important heat source for ORC systems, contain many fouling and corrosion ions. Thus, ions cause serious problems of fouling and corrosion [4,5,6]. Similar problems occur with industrial waste heat. The degradation of the heat exchanger performance could prevent the working fluid from completely evaporating and thus cause liquid droplets in the turbine which could lead to its erosion [7,8]. As an illustration, the economic cost of fouling in heat exchangers is estimated as USD 14 billion per year in 2014 in the United States of America [9,10].
- The partial-load behavior of ORC systems is generally considered as satisfactory, compared to other thermodynamic cycles [1]. However, in large off-design conditions of a “normal” ORC system submitted to a large deviation of the heat source, partial evaporation can occur, leading to a two-phase condition at the turbine inlet. Generally, this behavior is forbidden and ORC production must be reduced or even stopped if the risk of a two-phase condition arises.
2. Experimental Test Bench
2.1. ORC Loop
2.2. Fluid Candidates
2.3. Partial Admission Micro Axial Turbine
2.4. Test Campaigns
3. Results and Preliminary Analysis of the First Campaign
3.1. Nominal Working Point
3.2. Vapor Quality Estimation
3.3. Electrical Production
3.4. Efficiency
3.5. Vapor Mass Flow
4. Results and Analysis of All Tests
4.1. Mass Flow Rate Model: One-Phase, Two-Phase and Multi-Fluid Aspect
4.2. Efficiency Analysis
4.2.1. Single-Phase Condition at Turbine Inlet
4.2.2. Two-Phase Condition at Turbine Inlet
4.3. Two-Phase Expansion
- Case 1: The turbine is only designed for single-phase operation. In this situation, only the blue part of Figure 20 makes electricity production possible and the maximum heat transferred at the evaporator is of about 13.3 kW.
- Case 2: The turbine is designed for a single-phase and two-phase operation (case studied in this article). In this situation, the electrical production zone in Figure 20 corresponds to the orange and blue zones, and the maximum heat transferred at the evaporator is of about 14kW.
- Case 3: The turbine is designed for a single-phase operation and the evaporator is redesigned to be of a larger size. In this situation, the electric production zone in Figure 20 corresponds to the orange zone, the blue zone and the purple zone, and the maximum heat transferred at the evaporator is of about 14kW. The single-phase production line of this case corresponds to the continuity of the turbine production line studied in this article.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Symbols | Subscripts | |||
Critical section stator | (m2) | elec | Electric | |
c | Speed of sound | (m. s−1) | evap | Evaporator |
Enthalpy difference | (J.kg−1) | hs | Hot source | |
D | Diameter | (m) | in | Input |
Ds | Specific diameter | (-) | is | Isentropic |
η | Efficiency | (-) | lh | Latent heat |
γ | Polytropic exponent | (-) | liq | Liquid |
Mass flow rate | (kg.s−1) | out | Output | |
N | Rotation speed | (tr.min−1) | rota | Rotation |
Ns | Specific speed | (-) | sh | Sensible heat |
Pressure Ratio | (-) | tot | Total | |
P | Pressure | (Pa) | tg | Turbo-generator |
Thermal power | (W) | turb | Turbine | |
q | Volume flow | (m3. s−1) | vap | Vapor |
Density | (kg. m−3) | wf | Working fluid | |
Turbine electrical power | (W) | |||
Vapor quality | (-) |
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Variable | Equipment | Range | Uncertainty |
---|---|---|---|
Electrical power | Wattmeter | 0–3250 W | ±0.3% |
Volume flow (hot source) | EFM | 0–3500 L/h | ±0.23% |
Volume flow (cold source) | EFM | 0–2500 L/h | ±0.33% |
Mass flow rate (working fluid) | Coriolis | 50–500 kg/h | ±0.30% |
Temperature | Thermocouple Type-T | −200–200 °C | ±0.1 °C |
Pressure | APS | 0–7 bar | ±1% |
Properties | Novec649TM | HFE7000 | HFE7100 | Blend 50% Novec649TM– 50%HFE7000 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fluid type | Dry | Dry | Dry | Dry |
Fluid class | Fluoroketone | Hydrofluoroether | Hydrofluoroether | - |
Formula | CF3CF2C(O)CF(CF3)2 | C3F7OCH3 | C4F9OCH3 | - |
Critical temperature (°C) | 169 | 165 | 195 | 162 |
Critical pressure (bar) | 18.7 | 24.8 | 22.3 | 22 |
Normal glide | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
ODP | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
GWP | 1 | 530 | 320 | 266 |
Flammability | No | No | No | No |
Toxicity | Null | Low | Low | Low |
Variable Parameter | Variation Range | |
---|---|---|
Heat source | Inlet temperature | 110 °C |
Flow rate | 2000–3500 L.h−1 | |
Cooling source | Inlet temperature | 13 °C |
Flow rate | 1000–2500 L.h−1 | |
Working fluid | Fluid type (number of tests) | Novec649TM (42) |
Flow rate | 0.03–0.09 kg.s−1 |
Variable Parameter | Variation Range | |
---|---|---|
Heat source | Inlet temperature | 90–110 °C |
Flow rate | 200–3500 L.h−1 | |
Cooling source | Inlet temperature | 13–35 °C |
Flow rate | 250–2500 L.h−1 | |
Working fluid | Fluid type (number of tests) | Novec649TM (106) HFE7000 (28) HFE7100 (75) 50%Novec649–50%HFE7000 (40) |
Flow rate | 0.03–0.09 kg.s−1 |
Parameters | Data | |
---|---|---|
Fluid | Novec649TM | [-] |
Mass flow rate | 0.076 | [kg.s−1] |
Inlet temperature | 108.2 | [°C] |
Inlet pressure | 5.30 | [bar] |
Outlet pressure | 0.44 | [bar] |
Rotation speed | 9750 | [RPM] |
Blue Zone Production (Figure 20) | Orange Zone Production (Figure 20) | Purple Zone Production (Figure 20) | Average Production between 10 and 13.3 kW Hot Source | Average Production between 13.3 and 14 kW Hot Source | Average Production between 10and 14 kW Hot Source | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[-] | [-] | [-] | [W] | [W] | [W] | |
Case 1 | Ok | No | No | 355 | 0 | 293 |
Case 2 | OK | Ok | No | 355 | 435 | 369 |
Case 3 | Ok | Ok | Ok | 355 | 475 | 376 |
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Lhermet, G.; Tauveron, N.; Caney, N.; Blondel, Q.; Morin, F. A Recent Advance on Partial Evaporating Organic Rankine Cycle: Experimental Results on an Axial Turbine. Energies 2022, 15, 7559. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207559
Lhermet G, Tauveron N, Caney N, Blondel Q, Morin F. A Recent Advance on Partial Evaporating Organic Rankine Cycle: Experimental Results on an Axial Turbine. Energies. 2022; 15(20):7559. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207559
Chicago/Turabian StyleLhermet, Guillaume, Nicolas Tauveron, Nadia Caney, Quentin Blondel, and Franck Morin. 2022. "A Recent Advance on Partial Evaporating Organic Rankine Cycle: Experimental Results on an Axial Turbine" Energies 15, no. 20: 7559. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207559