Techno-Economic Comparison of Utility-Scale Compressed Air and Electro-Chemical Storage Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Pb-Acid based installations ranging from 1 MW–1.4 MWh to 36 MW–24 MWh;
- Na-S facilities, from 1 MW–7 MWh to 34 MW–245 MWh;
- Li-ion based storage systems, from 6 MW–10 MWh to 32 MW–8 MWh;
- RFB based systems, from 0.2 MW–0.8 MWh to 2 MW–12 MWh.
2. Storage Systems Description and Modelling
2.1. D-CAES Plant Description and Modelling
2.2. BES Techno-Economic Model
3. Techno-Economic Performance Assessment
- one operating cycle per day at rated design condition;
- D-CAES lifetime equal to 30 years. It is foreseen the replacement of the GE after 15 years of operation;
- Na-S and Li-ion systems life duration assumed equal to 15 and 10 years respectively, as reported in Table 2;
- cost of natural gas used in D-CAES varying from 0.20 to 0.30 €/Sm3;
- annual interest rate equal to 5%.
- tCH = tDS = 6 h;
- tCH = tDS = 10 h
4. Conclusions
- D-CAES systems with artificial storage require investment cost significantly higher than Na-S and Li-Ion battery-based systems. Anyway, the really long lifetime of D-CAES system leads to annualized capital costs considerably lower than those of Li-ion and comparable to those evaluated for Na-S storage.
- In all cases taken into consideration, Na-S battery-based systems show a better economic performance in comparison with Li-ion based ones.
- The economic performance of both D-CAES and BES improves by increasing the storage capacity of the system. The D-CAES performance improvement rate, however, is higher than that estimated for BES based systems.
- The LCOS of D-CAES systems shows a lower sensitivity to the price of electricity in respect of BES based storage facilities.
- D-CAES based solutions can achieve a LCOS lower than that shown by Na-S batteries, provided that the size of the system and the price of electricity are large enough.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Charge Phase Model
- A perfect gas behavior is assumed for air. The isentropic exponent k (the ratio of specific heat at constant pressure to the specific heat at constant volume) is assumed equal to 1.4.
- The N compression stages constituting the compressor train operate at constant polytropic efficiency ηPS. Moreover, it is assumed that, at any time, the N compression stages work at the same pressure ratio βS(t):
- Air temperature at the exit of each intercooler and at the exit of the aftercooler is assumed to remain constant.
- Bearing mechanical losses and losses in the reversible electric machine are taken into consideration by introducing the electric-mechanic efficiency ηEM.
- According to [34], the stored air temperature TST is considered constant during the charging, the storage period and the discharge phase.
Appendix A.2. Discharging Phase Model
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Ambient Temperature TAMB [°C] | 20 |
Ambient Pressure pAMB [kPa] | 100 |
Intercoolers/Aftercooler Outlet Temp. [°C] | 35 |
Compression Polytropic Efficiency [%] | 85 |
Mechanical-Electrical Efficiency [%] | 97 |
Stored Air Temperature [°C] | 30 |
Storage pressure [bar] | 100 |
Natural Gas Lower Heating Value [MJ/kg] | 50 |
Combustion Chamber Efficiency [%] | 99 |
Air Pre-Heater Effectiveness [%] | 90 |
Gas Expander inlet pressure [bar] | 20 |
Gas Expander inlet temperature [°C] | 700 |
Air Expander Polytropic Efficiency [%] | 85 |
BES Type | Na-S | Li-Ion |
---|---|---|
Technical data | ||
Efficiency [%] | 75 | 80 |
Deep of Discharge DOD [%] | 80 | 80 |
Life Duration [years] | 15 | 10 |
Investment cost data | ||
CPOWER [€/kW] | 350 | 250 |
CSTORAGE [€/kWh] | 240 | 250 |
Maintenance cost data | ||
CM [€/kW/year] | 26 | 25 |
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Salvini, C.; Giovannelli, A. Techno-Economic Comparison of Utility-Scale Compressed Air and Electro-Chemical Storage Systems. Energies 2022, 15, 6644. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15186644
Salvini C, Giovannelli A. Techno-Economic Comparison of Utility-Scale Compressed Air and Electro-Chemical Storage Systems. Energies. 2022; 15(18):6644. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15186644
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalvini, Coriolano, and Ambra Giovannelli. 2022. "Techno-Economic Comparison of Utility-Scale Compressed Air and Electro-Chemical Storage Systems" Energies 15, no. 18: 6644. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15186644