Configurations, Power Topologies and Applications of Hybrid Distribution Transformers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Hybrid Transformer Configurations
2.1. Self-Supported Hybrid Transformers
2.2. Hybrid Transformers Connected to Auxiliary Windings
2.3. Hybrid Transformers Connected to Transformer Windings
2.4. Three-Stage Configuration
2.5. Additional HDT Configurations
3. Power Converter Topologies Employed for Hybrid Transformers
3.1. DC/AC Power Converter Topologies
3.2. AC/AC Power Converter Topologies
3.2.1. AC/AC Converters Based on Direct Converters
3.2.2. AC/AC Converters with a DC-Link Stage
3.2.3. AC/AC Converters with Galvanic Isolation
4. Analysis of Hybrid Transformers
4.1. Operating Region
4.1.1. Reactive Power Injection
4.1.2. Restricted Active and Reactive Power Injection
4.1.3. Unrestricted Active and Reactive Power Injection
4.1.4. Use of Tap Changers Systems to Extend the HDT Operating Region
4.2. Power Converter Location Effects
4.2.1. Shunt Converter Location
4.2.2. Series Converter Location
4.2.3. Combined Compensation and Circulating Active Power Flow
4.3. Losses in Distribution Transformers
4.4. LFT Protection
4.4.1. Self-Supported HDT
4.4.2. HDT Connected to Auxiliary Windings
4.4.3. HDT Connected to the LFT Primary or Secondary Windings
4.5. HDT Reliability
5. Ancillary Services Provided by Hybrid Transformers
5.1. Distribution Transformer Inrush Current Mitigation
5.2. Distribution Transformer Additional Capacity
5.3. Hybrid Transformers to Provide Virtual Inertia
5.4. Renewable Energy Systems and New Kind of Loads Integration
5.5. Decentralized Control of a HDT for Voltage Regulation in Active Networks
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compensation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Series | Series (CT) | Shunt | Magnetic | |||
Energy source | Capacitor | (a) | x | |||
(b) | x | |||||
(c) | x | |||||
(d) | x | |||||
Aux wind. | (e) | x | x | |||
(f) | x | x | ||||
(g) | x | |||||
(h) | x | x | ||||
Wind. | (i) | x | x | |||
(j) | x |
Power Converter | Ideal Voltage Gain |
---|---|
AC Buck | D |
AC Buck-Boost | |
AC Ćuk | |
AC bipolar Buck |
Compensation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reactive Power | Restricted PQ | Unrestricted PQ | |||
Power converter topology | Figure 6 | (a) | x | ||
(b) | x | ||||
(c) | x | ||||
(d) | x | ||||
(e) | x | ||||
(f) | x | ||||
Figure 7 | (a) | x | |||
(b) | x | ||||
(c) | x | ||||
(d) | x | ||||
Figure 8 | x | ||||
Figure 9 | (a) | x | |||
(b) | x | ||||
(c) | x | ||||
(d) | x | ||||
(e) | x | ||||
(f) | x | ||||
Figure 10 | (a) | x | |||
(b) | x | ||||
(c) | x | ||||
(d) | x |
Motive | Assessment |
---|---|
Circulating active power flow | –1 |
Magnetic compensation (Q) | 1 |
Magnetic compensation (P + Q) | 2 |
Series converter on primary-side (Q) | 2 |
Shunt converter on secondary-side (Q) | 2 |
Series converter on primary-side (P + Q) | 3 |
Shunt converter on secondary-side (P + Q) | 3 |
LFT Protection | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Ser. | Ser. sec. | Ser. pri. | Ser. mag. | ||
Capacitor | (a) | - | 0 | 2 | - |
(b) | - | 0 | 2 | - | |
(c) | 1 | - | - | - | |
(d) | 2 | - | - | - | |
Aux wind. | (e) | - | 1 | 3 | - |
(f) | - | 1 | 3 | - | |
(g) | - | - | - | 3 | |
Wind. | (h) | - | 2 | 4 | - |
(i) | - | 2 | 4 | - | |
(j) | 3 | - | - | - |
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Carreno, A.; Perez, M.; Baier, C.; Huang, A.; Rajendran, S.; Malinowski, M. Configurations, Power Topologies and Applications of Hybrid Distribution Transformers. Energies 2021, 14, 1215. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051215
Carreno A, Perez M, Baier C, Huang A, Rajendran S, Malinowski M. Configurations, Power Topologies and Applications of Hybrid Distribution Transformers. Energies. 2021; 14(5):1215. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051215
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarreno, Alvaro, Marcelo Perez, Carlos Baier, Alex Huang, Sanjay Rajendran, and Mariusz Malinowski. 2021. "Configurations, Power Topologies and Applications of Hybrid Distribution Transformers" Energies 14, no. 5: 1215. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051215
APA StyleCarreno, A., Perez, M., Baier, C., Huang, A., Rajendran, S., & Malinowski, M. (2021). Configurations, Power Topologies and Applications of Hybrid Distribution Transformers. Energies, 14(5), 1215. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051215