Optimal D-STATCOM Placement Tool for Low Voltage Grids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- To solve grid congestion problems, active power limits for demand or generation (depending on the origin of the congestion) can be set. Other congestion management methods are discussed in [23].
- To avoid introducing harmonics into the network, a good solution is the installation of conventional active power line conditioners (APLCs) and/or active power filters (APFs) to have a high harmonic filtering capability [24].
- The connection of PV generators as three-phase systems is a good proposal to reduce losses and unbalances. Conversely, this would not be feasible because most prosumers have single-phase connection to the network [25].
- Storing energy near prosumers is another extensively studied option, which can adapt generation to consumption patterns, reducing reverse power flows and voltage increases. The cost of storage technologies should be reduced to make this solution economically viable [26].
- Support from prosumers to solve these issues is currently increasing. This is done through demand management, from which both prosumers and DSOs benefit [27].
- Power loss mitigation.
- Voltage profile improvement.
- Cost reduction.
- Voltage stability improvement.
- Reliability improvement.
- Load balance improvement.
- THD reduction.
- Power balance.
- Voltage deviation limits.
- D-STATCOM capacity limits.
- Reactive power compensation.
- Current limit.
- Cost limitations.
- Analytical methods that propose optimal solutions without considering nonlinearities and complexities in the problems to reduce computational effort.
- Artificial neural network methods that can deal with non-linear systems and more complex problems.
- Metaheuristic methods (the most spread ones). These algorithms are stochastic methodologies and population-based ones, which are generally efficient, but can propose local minimums (or maximums) as the optimal solution.
- Sensitivity approaches that allocate the D-STATCOM according to the value of an index. The most common ones are voltage sensitivity index (VSI) and power loss index (PLI), calculated for the possible locations of the evaluated grid. In these methods, the D-STATCOM is not emulated and only the index is calculated, and the location with the optimal index is chosen to fit the D-STATCOM.
- Combination of sensitivity approaches and metaheuristic methods.
- The proposal of a novel methodology to find the optimal location of a single fixed power D-STATCOM for distribution loss reduction through voltage unbalance compensation. None of the reviewed documents deal with this issue of voltage unbalance.
- The proposed methodology was tested using the data obtained from four real grids during a whole year. These were located in four different European countries and have different characteristics and topologies: urban, rural, residential, etc.
2. Materials and Methods
- -
- Southern Europe rural grid.
- -
- Northern Europe urban-residential grid.
- -
- Central Europe rural-residential grid.
- -
- Southern Europe urban grid.
- -
- Network model in PowerFactory DIgSILENT [55].
- -
- Consumption data from smart meters of the customers.
- -
- Historical data of voltage in the secondary substation.
- -
- Solar irradiation and installed power of solar photovoltaic generation facilities.
- -
- The methodology to detect unbalances in the network and to correct them by using a D-STATCOM installed in the optimal location is explained in detail in the next sections.
2.1. Energy Loss Minimization
- Line currents and nodes voltages.
- Power balance.
- D-STATCOM power limits and operation characteristics.
2.2. Algorithm Description
- Unbalance detection stage: it detects nodes in which unbalances are higher than the established limit.
- D-STATCOM location stage: it uses the points of major unbalance provided by the previous step to emulate the D-STATCOM behavior and to find its optimal location. In this stage, the proposed methodology analyzes, in an iterative process, the list of 10 nodes with higher voltage unbalance and the neighborhood points.
2.2.1. Unbalance Detection Stage
- Three-phase consumers not consuming in a balanced way.
- Single-phase consumers.
- The line must be three-phase. This refers to the fact that D-STATCOM compensates the three phases so the line should be three-phase.
- The lines should be in service.
- Number of unbalances occurrences in the period studied.
- Average unbalance between phases AB, AC, and BC in the period studied.
- Maximum unbalance between phases AB, AC, and BC in the period studied.
2.2.2. D-STATCOM Location Stage
3. Results
- Southern Europe rural grid. The methodology was initially developed, tested, and validated in this grid due to the availability of a large amount of quality data.
- Northern Europe urban-residential grid. The methodology was applied to this network.
- Central Europe rural-residential grid. The methodology was applied to this network.
- Southern Europe urban grid. The methodology has been applied to this network.
3.1. Southern Europe Rural Grid
3.2. Northern Europe Urban-Residential Grid
3.3. Central Europe Rural-Residential Grid
3.4. Southern Europe Urban Grid
4. Discussion
- Modeling in more depth the economic aspects of D-STATCOM deployment such as lifetime O&M costs, installation costs, and reactive compensation effect and economic evaluation.
- Modeling the reactive power compensation and other D-STATCOM functionalities.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
PV | Photovoltaic |
TSO | Transmission System Operator |
DSO | Distribution System Operator |
DER | Distributed Energy Resource |
LV | Low Voltage |
IREA | International Renewable Energy Agency |
THD | Total Harmonic Distortion |
TDD | Total Demand Distortion |
PLC | Power Line Communication |
APLC | Active Power Line Conditioner |
APF | Active Power Filter |
SVC | Static VAR Compensator |
SVR | Set Voltage Regulator |
FACTS | Flexible AC Transmission Systems |
D-STATCOM | Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator |
VSI | Voltage Sensitivity Index |
PLI | Power Loss Index |
PSO | Particle Swarm Optimization |
GA | Genetic Algorithm |
HSM | Harmony Search Method |
ACO | Ant Colony Optimization |
GWO | Grey Wolf Optimizer |
LSA | Lightning Search Algorithm |
O&M | Operations & Maintenance |
EV | Electric Vehicle |
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Southern Europe Rural Grid
Name | High Voltage (kV) | Low Voltage (kV) | Rated Power (MVA) |
---|---|---|---|
Secondary substation | 20 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
Conductor Type | Voltage (kV) | Current (kA) | 3-Phase or 1-Phase | R (Ohm/km) | X (Ohm/km) | L (mH/km) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RV 2 × 25 AL | 0.4 | 0.074 | 1-Phase | 1.44 | 0.078 | 0.2482817 |
RV 2 × 50 AL | 0.4 | 0.105 | 1-Phase | 0.77 | 0.0777 | 0.2473268 |
RV 3 × 150 AL | 0.4 | 0.2 | 3-Phase | 0.249 | 0.072 | 0.2291831 |
RV 3 × 25 AL | 0.4 | 0.074 | 3-Phase | 1.44 | 0.078 | 0.2482817 |
RV 3 × 50 AL | 0.4 | 0.105 | 3-Phase | 0.77 | 0.0777 | 0.2473268 |
RV 4 × 50 AL | 0.4 | 0.105 | 3-Phase | 0.77 | 0.0777 | 0.2473268 |
RV 4 × 95 AL | 0.4 | 0.155 | 3-Phase | 0.39 | 0.0733 | 0.2333211 |
RZ 3 × 16 CU | 0.4 | 0.075 | 1-Phase | 1.45 | 0.0813 | 0.2587859 |
RZ 3 × 6 CU | 0.4 | 0.053 | 3-Phase | 3.95 | 0.0901 | 0.2867972 |
RZ 4 × 10AL | 0.4 | 0.054 | 3-Phase | 3.61 | 0.086 | 0.2737465 |
RZ 4 × 16 AL | 0.4 | 0.058 | 3-Phase | 2.27 | 0.0813 | 0.2587859 |
RZ 4 × 25 AL | 0.4 | 0.074 | 3-Phase | 1.44 | 0.078 | 0.2482817 |
Generator | 3-Phase or 1-Phase | Rated Power (kWp) |
---|---|---|
PV_gen_1 | 3-Phase | 40 |
PV_gen_2 | 3-Phase | 40 |
PV_gen_3 | 3-Phase | 40 |
PV_pros_1 | 1-Phase | 3.3 |
PV_pros_2 | 1-Phase | 3.3 |
PV_pros_3 | 1-Phase | 3.3 |
PV_pros_4 | 1-Phase | 3.3 |
Appendix A.2. Northern Europe Urban-Residential Grid
Name | High Voltage (kV) | Low Voltage (kV) | Rated Power (MVA) |
---|---|---|---|
MV/LV Transformer | 10 | 0.4 | 0.8 |
Conductor Type | Voltage (kV) | Current (kA) | 3-Phase or 1-Phase | R (Ohm/km) | X (Ohm/km) | L (mH/km) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AXQJ 4 × 240/146 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 3-Phase | 0.125 | 0.01 | 0.0318 |
N1XV 4 × 95 | 0.6 | 0.308 | 3-Phase | 0.193 | 0.01 | 0.0318 |
N1XV 5 × 16 | 0.6 | 0.098 | 3-Phase | 1.15 | 0.01 | 0.0318 |
N1XV 5 × 10 | 0.6 | 0.06 | 3-Phase | 1.83 | 0.01 | 0.0318 |
- Figure A7 shows the proposed consumption of an EV in one day. As a simplification, it has been supposed that the same charging profile for the entire year of study and for all users.
- In Figure A8, the consumption of an outdoor swimming pool is shown. The operation of this demand point is supposed to cover seven months, from April to September.
Generator | 3-Phase or 1-Phase | Rated Power (kWp) |
---|---|---|
PV_ SR1 | 3-Phase | 31 |
PV_ SR2 | 3-Phase | 31 |
PV_SR3 | 3-Phase | 31 |
Prosumer | 3-Phase or 1-Phase | Rated Power (kWp) |
---|---|---|
1 | 3-Phase | 5 |
2 | 3-Phase | 6 |
3 | 3-Phase | 6 |
4 | 3-Phase | 6 |
5 | 3-Phase | 6 |
Appendix A.3. Central Europe Rural-Residential Grid
Name | High Voltage (kV) | Low Voltage (kV) | Rated Power (MVA) |
---|---|---|---|
Secondary substation | 16.8 | 0.6 | 0.63 |
Conductor Type | Voltage (kV) | Current (kA) | 3-Phase or 1-Phase | R (Ohm/km) | X (Ohm/km) | C (µF/km) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AXQJ 4 × 40/146 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 3-Phase | 0.125 | 0.01 | 0.0318 |
GKN 3 × 95/95 CU | 0.6 | 0.316 | 3-Phase | 0.225 | 0.07 | 0.338 |
GKN 3 × 25/25 CU | 0.6 | 0.151 | 3-Phase | 0.842 | 0.08 | 0.272 |
GKN 3 × 50/50 CU | 0.6 | 0.215 | 3-Phase | 0.449 | 0.07 | 0.298 |
GKN 3 × 150/150 CU | 0.6 | 0.4 | 3-Phase | 0.146 | 0.07 | 0.349 |
Generator | 3-Phase or 1-Phase | Rated Power (kWp) |
---|---|---|
PV_1 | 3-Phase | 4 |
PV_2 | 3-Phase | 27 |
PV_3 | 3-Phase | 9 |
PV_4 | 3-Phase | 14 |
PV_5 | 3-Phase | 10 |
Appendix A.4. Southern Europe Urban Grid
Name | High Voltage (kV) | Low Voltage (kV) | Rated Power (MVA) |
---|---|---|---|
Secondary substation | 20 | 0.4 | 0.63 |
Conductor Type | Voltage (kV) | Current (kA) | 3-phase or 1-phase | R (Ohm/km) | X (Ohm/km) | L (mH/km) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 × 150 AL + 50 CU XLPE | 0.6 | 0.29 | 3 | 0.206 | 0.12 | 0.3819 |
4 × 120 AL + 25 AL | 0.6 | 0.22 | 3 | 0.253 | 0.1 | 0.3183 |
4 × 35 + 16 AL | 0.6 | 0.058 | 3 | 0.0813 | 0.0813 | 0.2587 |
Generator | Phase | Rated Power (kWp) |
---|---|---|
PV_319100015 | 3-phase | 14.3375 |
PV_319100016 | 3-phase | 14.3375 |
Appendix B
- Line current balancing. As above-mentioned, single phase loads produce different current flows in each phase of the network and also different voltage drops in each phase, affecting the power supply quality. This unbalance also increases the neutral current, requiring an oversizing of neutral cables and reducing energy efficiency and making failures more frequent. Figure A12 shows that the current injected by the D-STATCOM compensates for the unbalanced current demanded by consumers, so that current upstream is balanced and neutral current has been removed.
- Reactive compensation. Related to the previous point, reactive power compensation reduces power loses and voltage drops, improving the network operation.
- Voltage regulation. Similar to large STATCOMs used in transport network, a D-STATCOM can take advantage of the Ferranti effect to support voltage regulation in grid lines. In addition, this regulation can be carried out in a single-phase mode, applying an independent volt-var curve in each phase.
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Terminal | AB Avg (p.u.) | AB Max (p.u.) | AC Avg (p.u.) | AC Max (p.u.) | BC Avg (p.u.) | BC Max (p.u.) | Occurrences |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T_L04_181 | 0.026 | 0.089 | 0.015 | 0.076 | 0.011 | 0.026 | 2675 |
T_L04_179 | 0.026 | 0.088 | 0.014 | 0.075 | 0.012 | 0.026 | 2531 |
T_L04_177 | 0.025 | 0.086 | 0.014 | 0.073 | 0.012 | 0.026 | 2299 |
T_L04_249 | 0.024 | 0.046 | 0.011 | 0.043 | 0.018 | 0.052 | 2098 |
T_L04_248 | 0.024 | 0.046 | 0.011 | 0.044 | 0.018 | 0.052 | 2089 |
T_L04_247 | 0.024 | 0.045 | 0.011 | 0.044 | 0.018 | 0.052 | 2033 |
T_L04_246 | 0.024 | 0.045 | 0.011 | 0.044 | 0.018 | 0.052 | 2031 |
T_L04_40 | 0.024 | 0.045 | 0.011 | 0.044 | 0.018 | 0.052 | 2029 |
T_L04_AC1342 | 0.024 | 0.045 | 0.011 | 0.045 | 0.018 | 0.052 | 2027 |
T_L04_43 | 0.024 | 0.045 | 0.011 | 0.045 | 0.018 | 0.052 | 2026 |
D-STATCOM Terminal | Energy Losses without D-STATCOM (MWh) | Energy Losses with D-STATCOM (MWh) | Energy Savings (kWh) | Losses % |
---|---|---|---|---|
T_L04_181 | 9.379 | 9.238 | 141.502 | −1.509 |
T_C_L04_179 | 9.379 | 9.247 | 132.703 | −1.415 |
T_L04_177 | 9.379 | 9.379 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
T_L04_249 | 9.379 | 9.379 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
T_L04_248 | 9.379 | 9.317 | 62.302 | −0.664 |
T_L04_247 | 9.379 | 9.319 | 60.661 | −0.647 |
T_L04_246 | 9.379 | 9.319 | 60.396 | −0.644 |
T_L04_40 | 9.379 | 9.356 | 23.920 | −0.255 |
T_L04_AC1342 | 9.379 | 9.379 | −0.029 | 0.000 |
T_L04_43 | 9.379 | 9.379 | 0.350 | −0.004 |
D-STATCOM Terminal | Energy Losses without D-STATCOM (MWh) | Energy Losses with D-STATCOM (MWh) | Energy Savings (kWh) | Losses % |
---|---|---|---|---|
T_L04_176 (New) | 9.379 | 9.068 | 311.885 | −3.325 |
T_L04_177 | 9.379 | 9.379 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
T_L04_179 (New) | 9.379 | 9.247 | 132.703 | −1.415 |
T_L04_178 (New) | 9.379 | 9.379 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
D-STATCOM Terminal | Energy Losses without D-STATCOM (MWh) | Energy Losses with D-STATCOM (MWh) | Energy Savings (kWh) | Losses % |
---|---|---|---|---|
T_L04_174 (New) | 9.379 | 9.2789 | 100.5258 | −1.072 |
T_L04_176 | 9.379 | 9.068 | 311.885 | −3.325 |
T_L04_179 (New) | 9.379 | 9.247 | 132.703 | −1.415 |
Terminal | AB Avg (p.u.) | AB Max (p.u.) | AC Avg (p.u.) | AC Max (p.u.) | BC Avg (p.u.) | BC Max (p.u.) | Occurrences |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T_L04_181 (19th) | 0.023 | 0.069 | 0.012 | 0.056 | 0.012 | 0.026 | 1565 |
T_L04_179 (22nd) | 0.026 | 0.088 | 0.012 | 0.055 | 0.012 | 0.026 | 1404 |
T_L04_177 (23rd) | 0.025 | 0.086 | 0.011 | 0.054 | 0.012 | 0.026 | 1174 |
T_L04_249 (1st) | 0.024 | 0.046 | 0.011 | 0.043 | 0.018 | 0.051 | 2098 |
T_L04_248 (2nd) | 0.024 | 0.046 | 0.011 | 0.043 | 0.018 | 0.051 | 2089 |
T_L04_247 (3rd) | 0.024 | 0.045 | 0.011 | 0.044 | 0.018 | 0.051 | 2033 |
T_L04_246 (4th) | 0.023 | 0.045 | 0.011 | 0.044 | 0.018 | 0.051 | 2031 |
T_L04_40 (5th) | 0.023 | 0.045 | 0.011 | 0.044 | 0.018 | 0.051 | 2029 |
T_L04_AC1342 (6th) | 0.023 | 0.045 | 0.011 | 0.045 | 0.018 | 0.052 | 2027 |
T_L04_43 (7th) | 0.023 | 0.045 | 0.011 | 0.045 | 0.018 | 0.052 | 2026 |
Terminal | AB Avg (p.u.) | AB Max (p.u.) | AC Avg (p.u.) | AC Max (p.u.) | BC Avg (p.u.) | BC Max (p.u.) | Occurrences |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T_L04_249 | 0.024 | 0.046 | 0.011 | 0.043 | 0.018 | 0.051 | 2098 |
T_L04_248 | 0.024 | 0.046 | 0.011 | 0.043 | 0.018 | 0.051 | 2089 |
T_L04_247 | 0.024 | 0.045 | 0.011 | 0.044 | 0.018 | 0.051 | 2033 |
T_L04_246 | 0.023 | 0.045 | 0.011 | 0.044 | 0.018 | 0.051 | 2031 |
T_L04_40 | 0.023 | 0.045 | 0.011 | 0.044 | 0.018 | 0.051 | 2029 |
T_L04_AC1342 | 0.023 | 0.045 | 0.011 | 0.045 | 0.018 | 0.052 | 2027 |
T_L04_43 | 0.023 | 0.045 | 0.011 | 0.045 | 0.018 | 0.052 | 2026 |
T_L04_44 | 0.023 | 0.045 | 0.011 | 0.045 | 0.018 | 0.053 | 2026 |
T_L04_AC1343 | 0.023 | 0.045 | 0.011 | 0.045 | 0.018 | 0.052 | 2025 |
T_L04_42 | 0.023 | 0.045 | 0.011 | 0.045 | 0.018 | 0.052 | 2025 |
D-STATCOM Terminal | Energy Losses without D-STATCOM (MWh) | Energy Losses with D-STATCOM (MWh) | Energy Savings (kWh) | Losses % |
---|---|---|---|---|
T_L04_44 | 9.379 | 9.355 | 24.574 | −0.262 |
T_L04_AC1343 | 9.379 | 9.379 | 0.013 | 0.000 |
T_L04_42 | 9.379 | 9.379 | −0.028 | 0.000 |
T_L04_41 | 9.379 | 9.355 | 24.202 | −0.258 |
T_L04_39 | 9.379 | 9.356 | 23.004 | −0.245 |
T_L04_175 | 9.379 | 9.122 | 256.960 | −2.740 |
T_L04_AC1340 | 9.379 | 9.386 | −7.024 | 0.075 |
T_L04_38 | 9.379 | 9.387 | −7.164 | 0.076 |
T_L04_36 | 9.379 | 9.291 | 88.144 | −0.940 |
T_L04_37 | 9.379 | 9.389 | −9.173 | 0.098 |
T_L04_35 | 9.379 | 9.359 | 20.186 | −0.215 |
T_L04_34 | 9.379 | 9.360 | 19.242 | −0.205 |
T_L04_141 | 9.379 | 9.293 | 86.775 | −0.925 |
T_L04_31 | 9.379 | 9.299 | 80.500 | −0.858 |
T_L04_AC2335 | 9.379 | 9.331 | 48.618 | −0.518 |
T_L04_30 | 9.379 | 9.338 | 41.436 | −0.442 |
T_L04_157 | 9.379 | 9.334 | 45.172 | −0.482 |
T_L04_AC1417 | 9.379 | 9.354 | 25.159 | −0.268 |
T_L04_235 | 9.379 | 9.355 | 24.667 | −0.263 |
T_L04_AC1341 | 9.379 | 9.379 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
T_L04_AC1320 | 9.379 | 9.380 | −0.278 | 0.003 |
T_L04_AC1296 | 9.379 | 9.379 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
T_L04_AC2563 | 9.379 | 9.379 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
T_L05_16 | 9.379 | 9.379 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
T_L06_46 | 9.379 | 9.377 | 2.393 | −0.026 |
T_L04_66 | 9.379 | 9.379 | 0.148 | −0.002 |
T_L04_83 | 9.379 | 9.379 | 0.009 | 0.000 |
T_L04_99 | 9.379 | 9.379 | 0.011 | 0.000 |
T_L01_AC1217 | 9.379 | 9.379 | 0.018 | 0.000 |
T_L01_88 | 9.379 | 9.380 | −0.393 | 0.004 |
T_L06_AC1459 | 9.379 | 9.379 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
T_L06_24 | 9.379 | 9.379 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
T_L06_AC1450 | 9.379 | 9.379 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
D-STATCOM Terminal | Energy Losses without D-STATCOM (MWh) | Energy Losses with D-STATCOM (MWh) | Energy Savings (kWh) | Losses % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terminal(8) | 8.543 | 8.541 | 1.650 | −0.019 |
Terminal(4) | 8.543 | 8.541 | 1.458 | −0.017 |
Terminal(6) | 8.543 | 8.541 | 1.421 | −0.017 |
Terminal(5) | 8.543 | 8.543 | 0.040 | 0.000 |
Terminal(85) | 8.543 | 8.543 | 0.040 | 0.000 |
Terminal(84) | 8.543 | 8.543 | 0.033 | 0.000 |
Terminal(81) | 8.543 | 8.543 | 0.033 | 0.000 |
Terminal(83) | 8.543 | 8.543 | 0.039 | 0.000 |
Terminal(82) | 8.543 | 8.543 | 0.032 | 0.000 |
Terminal(86) | 8.543 | 8.543 | 0.038 | 0.000 |
D-STATCOM Terminal | Energy Losses without D-STATCOM (MWh) | Energy Losses with D-STATCOM (MWh) | Energy Savings (kWh) | Losses % |
---|---|---|---|---|
T_CE_1 | 5.440 | 5.408 | 32.072 | −0.590 |
T_CE_2 | 5.440 | 5.327 | 112.964 | −2.076 |
T_CE_3 | 5.440 | 5.421 | 19.122 | −0.351 |
T_CE_4 | 5.440 | 5.426 | 14.220 | −0.261 |
T_CE_5 | 5.440 | 5.431 | 9.850 | −0.181 |
T_CE_6 | 5.440 | 5.428 | 12.617 | −0.232 |
T_CE_7 | 5.440 | 5.420 | 20.308 | −0.373 |
T_CE_8 | 5.440 | 5.430 | 10.496 | −0.193 |
T_CE_9 | 5.440 | 5.431 | 9.735 | −0.179 |
T_CE_10 | 5.440 | 5.383 | 56.984 | −1.047 |
D-STATCOM Terminal | Energy Losses without D-STATCOM (MWh) | Energy Losses with D-STATCOM (MWh) | Energy Savings (kWh) | Losses % |
---|---|---|---|---|
T_319100045 | 3.404 | 3.411 | −7.715 | 0.227 |
T_119100113 | 3.404 | 3.411 | −7.715 | 0.227 |
T_119100115 | 3.404 | 3.405 | −1.245 | 0.037 |
T_319100033 | 3.404 | 3.4045 | −1.245 | 0.037 |
Terminal 125 | 3.404 | 3.405 | −1.245 | 0.037 |
T_119100110 | 3.404 | 3.340 | 63.679 | −1.871 |
T_119100102 | 3.404 | 3.366 | 37.300 | −1.096 |
Terminal 27 | 3.404 | 3.366 | 37.300 | −1.096 |
T_119100005 | 3.404 | 3.270 | 133.390 | −3.919 |
T_119100054 | 3.404 | 3.321 | 83.102 | −2.442 |
D-STATCOM Terminal | Energy Losses without D-STATCOM (MWh) | Energy Losses with D-STATCOM (MWh) | Energy Savings (kWh) | Losses % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terminal 23 (New) | 3.404 | 3.186 | 217.705 | −6.396 |
Terminal 27 | 3.404 | 3.366 | 37.300 | −1.096 |
T_119100110 (New) | 3.404 | 3.340 | 63.679 | −1.871 |
T_119100102 (New) | 3.404 | 3.366 | 37.300 | −1.096 |
Terminal 125 (New) | 3.404 | 3.366 | 37.300 | −1.096 |
T_119100115 (New) | 3.404 | 3.405 | -1.245 | 0.037 |
Grid | D-STATCOM Optimal Location | Energy Savings (kWh) | Energy Savings (%) | Economic Savings (€) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Southern Europe rural grid | T _L04_176 | 311.89 | −3.325 | 10.60 |
Northern Europe urban-residential grid | Terminal(8) | 1.65 | −0.019 | 0.05 |
Central Europe rural-residential grid | T_CE_2 | 112.96 | −2.076 | 3.84 |
Southern Europe urban grid | Terminal 23 | 217.71 | −6.396 | 7.20 |
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Fernández, G.; Martínez, A.; Galán, N.; Ballestín-Fuertes, J.; Muñoz-Cruzado-Alba, J.; López, P.; Stukelj, S.; Daridou, E.; Rezzonico, A.; Ioannidis, D. Optimal D-STATCOM Placement Tool for Low Voltage Grids. Energies 2021, 14, 4212. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144212
Fernández G, Martínez A, Galán N, Ballestín-Fuertes J, Muñoz-Cruzado-Alba J, López P, Stukelj S, Daridou E, Rezzonico A, Ioannidis D. Optimal D-STATCOM Placement Tool for Low Voltage Grids. Energies. 2021; 14(14):4212. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144212
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernández, Gregorio, Alejandro Martínez, Noemí Galán, Javier Ballestín-Fuertes, Jesús Muñoz-Cruzado-Alba, Pablo López, Simon Stukelj, Eleni Daridou, Alessio Rezzonico, and Dimosthenis Ioannidis. 2021. "Optimal D-STATCOM Placement Tool for Low Voltage Grids" Energies 14, no. 14: 4212. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144212